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Rubus strigosus

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Rubus strigosus
Rubus strigosus near Matanuska Glacier, Alaska
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Rubus
Subgenus: R. subg. Idaeobatus
Species:
R. strigosus
Binomial name
Rubus strigosus
Rubus strigosus: foliage showing the large leaf of a first-year shoot, and the smaller leaves of a second-year shoot

Rubus strigosus, the American red raspberry or American raspberry, is a species of Rubus native to much of North America. It was often treated as a variety or subspecies of the closely related Eurasian Rubus idaeus (red raspberry or European red raspberry),[1][2] but is now more commonly treated as a distinct species.[3][4][5] Many of the commercial raspberry cultivars grown for their fruit derive from hybrids between R. strigosus and R. idaeus; see Raspberry for more details.

Classification

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Botanists have long debated the taxonomic treatment of the Eurasian and American red raspberries, with some viewing all of these plants as members of a single, circumboreal species Rubus idaeus, and others recognizing two (or more) species within this group.[6][7][8][9][10][11][5][12][13] The two species share many similarities, and probably recently diverged from a common ancestor, leading to differences in taxonomic interpretation, particularly regarding the more intermediate eastern Asian plants. A common current treatment, followed here, is to classify the North American red raspberries as Rubus strigosus, and include only the Eurasian plants in Rubus idaeus. When the species are combined, as done in some recent publications, the Eurasian plants are Rubus idaeus ssp. idaeus (or Rubus idaeus var. idaeus), and the American plants R. idaeus ssp. strigosus (or R. idaeus var. strigosus). Different interpretations are also sometimes made regarding placement of various eastern Asian populations of this group, by some considered to represent additional varieties or subspecies, if not different species altogether. The most distinctive physical difference among these plants is usual presence of gland-tipped hairs on first-year canes, petioles, pedicels, and calyces of R. strigosus, lacking in R. idaeus.

Distribution

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Rubus strigosus, as treated here, is widely distributed in North America, particularly the more boreal regions. Some authors also treat various raspberries in eastern Asia, east from the Altai Mountain Range in Mongolia to Manchuria and Japan in this taxon (where it is suggested to have originated along with a great deal of the North American flora),[7] but others include all Asian raspberries in R. idaeus.[14] with the Eurasian plants being Rubus idaeus ssp. (or var.) idaeus.

Description

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R. strigosus is a perennial plant which bears biennial stems ("canes") from the perennial root system. In its first year, a new stem grows vigorously to its full height of 0.5–2 m, unbranched, and bearing large pinnate leaves with three or five (rarely seven) leaflets; normally it does not produce any flowers. In its second year, the stem does not grow taller, but produces several side shoots, which bear smaller leaves with three leaflets.

The flowers are produced in late spring on short racemes on the tips of these side shoots, each flower with five white petals 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) long. The fruit is 1–1.2 cm (0.39–0.47 in) diameter, red, edible, sweet but tart-flavored, produced in summer or early autumn; in botanical terminology, it is not a berry at all, but an aggregate fruit of numerous drupelets around a central core.[2][15]

References

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  1. ^ NRCS. "Rubus idaeus". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
  2. ^ a b "Rubus idaeus". Plants of British Columbia.
  3. ^ "Rubus strigosus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  4. ^ Roland, A. E.; Smith, E. C. (1983) [first published 1969]. The Flora of Nova Scotia. Halifax: Nova Scotia Museum.
  5. ^ a b Grignon, T. (1992). The Dynamics of Rubus strigosus (Michx.) in Post-Clearcut Mixedwood and Softwood Forests of Nova Scotia (thesis).
  6. ^ Bailey, L. H. (1945). "Species Batorum. The genus Rubus in North America X.". Gentes Herbarum. 5: 859–918.
  7. ^ a b Fernald, M. L. (1900). "Rubus idaeus and its variety anomalus in America". Rhodora. 22: 195–200.
  8. ^ Fernald, M. L. (1919). "Rubus idaeus and some of its variations in North America". Rhodora. 21: 89–98.
  9. ^ Hodgdon, A. R.; Pike, R. B. (1964). "Flora of the Wolf Islands, New Brunswick. Part 2. Some phytogeographic considerations". Rhodora. 66: 140.
  10. ^ Whitney, G. G. (1978). "A demographic analysis of Rubus idaeus L. and Rubus pubescens Raf.: the reproductive traits and population dynamics of two temporally isolated members of the genus Rubus" (Ph.D. thesis). Yale University.
  11. ^ Fernald doubted this distinction, but Bailey and many other authors rely on it.
  12. ^ Nickerson, N. L.; Hall, I. V. (1978). "Large-flowered Trillium, Trillium grandiflorum, in Nova Scotia". Can. Field-Nat. 92 (3): 291.
  13. ^ Freedman, B. (1989). Environmental Ecology: The Impacts of Pollution and Other Stresses on Ecosystem Structure and Function. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 9780122665400.
  14. ^ "Rubus idaeus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  15. ^ "Rubus strigosus". Plants for a Future.

Media related to Rubus strigosus at Wikimedia Commons

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