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Samak Sundaravej

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Samak Sundaravej
MPCh MWM PPh TCW
สมัคร สุนทรเวช
Samak in 2008
25th Prime Minister of Thailand
In office
29 January 2008 – 9 September 2008
MonarchBhumibol Adulyadej
Preceded bySurayud Chulanont
Succeeded bySomchai Wongsawat
Minister of Defence
In office
6 February 2008 – 9 September 2008
Prime MinisterHimself
Preceded byBoonrod Somthat
Succeeded bySomchai Wongsawat
13th Governor of Bangkok
In office
23 July 2000 – 28 August 2004
Preceded byBhichit Rattakul
Succeeded byApirak Kosayodhin
Minister of Interior
In office
8 October 1976 – 19 October 1977
Prime MinisterThanin Kraivichien
Preceded bySeni Pramoj
Succeeded byKriangsak Chamanan
Member of the House of Representatives
for the People's Power Party List
In office
23 December 2007 – 30 November 2008
Member of the House of Representatives
for Bangkok
In office
26 January 1975 – 23 July 2000
Preceded bySiri Wangbunkerd
Constituency
  • 6th District (1975–1976)
  • 1st District (1976–2000)
Leader of the People's Power Party
In office
24 August 2007 – 30 September 2008
Preceded bySupaporn Tienkaew (de jure)
Chaturon Chaisang (as Acting Leader of the Thai Rak Thai Party; de facto)
Succeeded bySomchai Wongsawat (acting)
Personal details
Born(1935-06-13)13 June 1935
Bangkok, Siam (now Bangkok, Thailand)
Died24 November 2009(2009-11-24) (aged 74)
Bumrungrad International Hospital, Watthana, Bangkok, Thailand
Political partyPeople's Power (2007–2008)
Other political
affiliations
Height1.79 m (5 ft 10 in)[2]
SpouseSurat Sundaravej
Alma mater
Signature
Military service
AllegianceThailand
Branch/serviceVolunteer Defense Corps
RankVDC Gen. (Honour rank)[3]

Samak Sundaravej (Thai: สมัคร สุนทรเวช, RTGS: Samak Sunthorawet, pronounced [sā.màk sǔn.tʰɔ̄.rā.wêːt] ⓘ; 13 June 1935 – 24 November 2009) was a Thai politician who briefly served as the Prime Minister of Thailand and Minister of Defense in 2008, as well as the leader of the People's Power Party in 2008.

Early life and family

[edit]

Samak was born in Bangkok, Thailand to Phraya Bamrungratchaboriphan (Samian Sundaravej) and his wife Khunying Amphan Bamrungratchaboriphan (née Amphan Chittakon). He was of Chinese ancestry (ancestral surname Lee (李))[4] and had five siblings. According to Samak himself, his Chinese ancestors came to Thailand in the late 18th century.[5] Samak studied at Saint Gabriel's College and Assumption Commercial College, then graduated from Faculty of Law, Thammasat University. He also received diplomas from Chulalongkorn University and Bryant & Stratton College.[6]

Besides being a politician, Samak was a well-known television chef. For seven years before the military coup of September 2006, he had hosted a cooking show called Tasting, Ranting on the Thailand ITV television network and on Royal Thai Army Radio and Television. He said when he became prime minister that he would resume his career as a TV chef and did so, though warned not to. It is illegal for a government minister to hold any other paying job, and on 9 September 2008, the full bench of the Constitutional Court ruled it was unconstitutional for him to work for a private company (Thailand ITV) and therefore disqualified him from office.[7][8]

Samak was married to Khunying Surat Sundaravej, a financial adviser to the Charoen Pokphand Group. They had two children.[citation needed]

Political career

[edit]
Samak Sundaravej (1976)

In 1968, Samak joined the opposition Democrat Party. Having strong ties to the military, Samak became head of the party's right-wing faction.[9] In the 1976 general election, he defeated M. R. Kukrit Pramoj and became Deputy Interior Minister in the cabinet of M. R. Seni Pramoj. He quickly became prominent for arresting several allegedly leftist activists.[10]

In late August 1976, Seni sent Samak to Singapore to try to persuade Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn not to return to Thailand.[11] However, writer Paul M. Handley claims Samak was a close confidant of Queen Sirikit and was told to guarantee royal support for the exiled Field Marshal.[12] This is apparently supported by Samak's claim during a cabinet meeting that the King had not opposed Thanom's return.

On 5 October, Samak was removed from his ministerial position, and in reaction organised an anti-government demonstration calling for the dismissal of three liberal Democrat ministers he branded as "communists".[12] He was prominent in the events leading to the 6 October 1976 massacre at Thammasat University, in which leftist students protesting against the return of a former military dictator were killed by rightwing mobs. In interviews he gave to CNN and al-Jazeera in 2008, Samak denied any involvement in the attacks that left at least 46 dead, and he insisted only one person was killed intentionally.

Following 6 October 1976, Samak became Minister of the Interior in the administration of Tanin Kraivixien, an anti-Communist royalist with a reputation for honesty. Samak immediately launched a campaign that caused the arrest of hundreds of alleged leftists, including many writers and other intellectuals.[11]

Samak (left) in 1980

In 1979, Samak founded the right-wing Thai Citizens' Party. In the 1979 General Elections, it defeated the incumbent Democrat Party by winning 29 of the 39 seats in Bangkok. In the 1983 General Elections, it extended its base to 36 seats, and did not suffer greatly from the Democrat surge in 1986.[13]

In 1992, as Deputy Prime Minister in the military-appointed Suchinda administration, Samak justified the military's brutal suppression of pro-democracy demonstrators by declaring the government had the right to do so as long as the United States could send its troops to kill people in other countries, referring to the Gulf War which defeated Saddam Hussein's Iraq in 1991.[14] He remained unrepentant and continued to stand by his justification, stating the military was merely trying to restore law and order after the pro-democracy demonstrators, whom he branded as "troublemakers", had resorted to "mob rule".[15]

From 2001 to 2006, Thai Rak Thai was the ruling party under Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra, its founder. In 2006 the military staged a bloodless coup to remove Thaksin, who was then acting as interim prime minister between elections, from power. His Thai Rak Thai party was dissolved on 30 May 2007 by the military appointed Constitutional Tribunal for violation of election laws. Members of the dissolved party immediately organised a new party called the People's Power Party.[citation needed]

In 2007, the People's Power Party came to power in the first election since the military coup the previous year. Samak, then the party's leader, became Prime Minister of Thailand. He was promptly accused of being a proxy for the exiled Thaksin, resulting in massive street protests by the People's Alliance for Democracy. He was convicted of libel on an old charge and was sentenced to two years in jail,[16] though the sentence was suspended pending appeal. On 25 September 2008, the Appeals Court upheld the two-year jail sentence.[17] Samak jumped bail and left for the United States to receive cancer treatment.[citation needed]

Censure (no-confidence) motion

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The Democrat Party, led by Sathit Wongnongtoei, on 18 June 2008 submitted to Deputy House Speaker Somsak Kiartsuranan a censure motion of no-confidence against Samak Sundaravej and 7 cabinet ministers in the parliament, to oust his coalition government. The marathon debate was held on 28 June.[18][19]

Amid 4 months in power and public street protests by the People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD), Samak and all 7 cabinet members survived the no-confidence motion. The 3 days of censure debate were finally terminated by the voting session on 27 June. As predicted by opposition leader Abhisit Vejjajiva, of 442 MPs present, Samak got 280 votes of confidence and 162 votes of no-confidence.[20]

Resignations and impeachment

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Samak Sundaravej's 5-month-old government was in great trouble on 10 July 2008 after Pattama the third top official in the ruling People Power Party (PPP) resigned from this post, effective Monday. The deputy leader of the party Yongyut Tiyapairat, was banned from politics for 5 years, after the Supreme Court affirmed vote buying charges against him. Then, Chiya Sasomsub was removed from office by another supreme court, for illegally concealing his wife's assets. The Constitutional Court ruled on 8 July that Noppadon and the entire cabinet violated the charter by failing to ask parliamentary approval for a Cambodia deal. Noppadon signed the agreement on June, to support Cambodia's bid to seek World Heritage status for the 900-year-old Preah Vihear temple.[21] The Opposition filed a petition with deputy Senate Speaker Nikom Wairatpanit to impeach Noppadon Pattama over Preah Vihear Temple issue. Sathit Wongnongtoei submitted 141 signatures of MPs. Noppadon was accused of violating Article 190 and 270 of the Constitution. The Opposition filed the motion before Noppadon stepped down.[22]

2008 political crisis

[edit]
Main article: 2008 Thai political crisis

Although the campaigns demanding Samak resign from the premiership were abundant, he remarked, "I will never resign in response to these threats. I will not dissolve the House. I will meet the king today to report what's going on." Later Samak met with King Bhumibol Adulyadej at Hua Hin palace.[23]

President George W. Bush signs guest book with Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej in the Ivory Room of the Government House

A few days after, 30,000 protesters led by the People's Alliance for Democracy occupied Samak's Government House compound in central Bangkok so as to force him and his advisers to work out of a military command post. Riot police entered the occupied compound and delivered a court order for the eviction of protesters.[24] Chamlong Srimuang ordered 45 PAD guards to break into the main government building on Saturday.[25] 3 regional airports remain closed and 35 trains between Bangkok and the provinces were cancelled. Protesters raided the Phuket International Airport tarmac on the resort island of Phuket Province resulting in 118 flights cancelled or diverted, affecting 15,000 passengers.[26]

Protesters also blocked the entrance of the airports in Krabi and Hat Yai (which was later re-opened). Police issued arrest warrants for Sondhi Limthongkul and 8 other protest leaders on charges of insurrection, conspiracy, unlawful assembly and refusing orders to disperse.[27] Meanwhile, Gen Anupong Paochinda stated: "The army will not stage a coup. The political crisis should be resolved by political means." Samak and the Thai Party ruling coalition called urgent parliamentary debate and session for 31 August.[28][29]

On 2 September 2008, following the clashes between the pro and anti-government protesters which led to at least one pro government protesters death, Sundaravej declared a controversial state of emergency.[30] The state of emergency was lifted on 14 September 2008.[31]

On 9 September of the year, the Constitutional Court of Thailand delivered a decision disqualifying Sundaravej from the premiership in accordance with the complaints lodged by the Senators and the Election Commission of Thailand. However, Samak's People's Power Party vowed to vote him back to the premiership,[32][33] and he did not decline this nomination for prime minister as Kuthep Suthin Klangsang, PPP's deputy spokesman, said in a press release on 12 September: "Samak has accepted his nomination for prime minister. Samak said he is confident that parliament will find him fit for office, and that he is happy to accept the post. A majority of party members voted Thursday to reappoint Samak. Samak is the leader of our party so he is the best choice."[citation needed]

Despite objections from its coalition partners, the PPP, in an urgent meeting, unanimously decided to renominate Samak Sundaravej. Five coalition parties, namely Chart Thai, Neutral Democratic, Pracharaj, Puea Pandin and Ruam Jai Thai Chart Pattana, unanimously agreed to support the People Power party (PPP) to set up the new government and vote for the person who should be nominated as the new prime minister. Chart Thai deputy leader Somsak Prissanananthakul and Ruam Jai Thai Chart Pattana leader Chettha Thanajaro said the next prime minister who will be nominated on Friday. Caretaker prime minister Somchai Wongsawat said PPP secretary-general Surapong Suebwonglee will notify the 5 parties who the PPP nominates to take office again.[34][35][36] Some lawmakers, then said that they would propose an alternate candidate. Meanwhile, Thailand's army chief Gen. Anupong Paochinda said he backed the creation of a unity government that would include all the country's parties, and he also asked for the lifting of a state of emergency that Samak imposed on 2 September.[37]

Abandoned

[edit]

Embattled Samak abandoned his bid to regain his Thailand Prime Minister post, and Teerapon Noprampa said Samak would also give up the ruling People's Power Party (PPP) leadership.[38][39][40]

Somchai Wongsawat – the fugitive ex-P.M. Thaksin Shinawatra's brother-in-law, was ratified by the National Assembly of Thailand as Prime Minister of Thailand on 17 September,[41] winning 298 votes against 163 votes[42] for Abhisit Vejjajiva.

Court decision

[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:

The Senate President lodged a complaint with the Constitutional Court of Thailand (ConCourt) on 2 June 2008, and the Election Commission of Thailand (ECT) submitted a similar complaint 29 July 2008. The complaints requested the ConCourt to decide whether the premiership of Samak Sundaravej is terminated upon Section 91, Section 182 Paragraph One (7) and Section 267 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand (2007).

On 9 September 2008, 15.30 hours, the ConCourt with Justice Chat Chonlaworn sitting as the President rendered its decision as follows:[43]

1. The essence of the first complaint (Senators' Complaint) could be summarised as follows: as Samak was a holder of the political position as a prime minister, he was under the subject of Section 267 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand (2007) prohibiting the Prime Minister and Ministers from having any position in a partnership, a company or an organisation carrying out business with a view to sharing profits or incomes or being an employee of any person. However, Samak, who acknowledged the purpose of Section 267, continued to work for the Face Media Co., Ltd. as emcee of two cookery shows, Chim Pai Bon Pai (Tasting and Grumbling) and Yok Khayong Hok Mong Chao (All Set at 6 am), and ceased from such works just when the ECT received a complaint concerning the case. Therefore, the Senators exercised their right under Section 91 requesting the President of the Senate to submit their complaint to the ConCourt to make a decision as said.

2. The essence of the second complaint (ECT's Complaint) could be summarised as follows: On 17 April 2008, Senator Ruangkrai Leekijwattana lodged with the ECT a complaint that Samak, pending his premiership, worked for Face Media Co., Ltd. which was a private company having commercial purpose. This was in breach of Section 267 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand (2007) and led to the termination of his premiership as of the date the said prohibited act was performed. The ECT has appointed an inquisitorial panel to look into the case and discovered that it was a prima facie case, so it unanimously resolved to forward the case to the ConCourt to make a decision as said.

3. Samak, after having received a quo warranto, represented to the accusation through submitting the letters dated 30 June 14 and 25 August 2008 to the ConCourt, stated that:

  • 3.1) he received no remuneration for being the emcee of both cookery TV programmes, but only 5,000 Baht as travelling costs.
  • 3.2) he held no interests, shares or positions in the Face Media Co., Ltd. as well as received no salaries or other benefits from the said company.
  • 3.3) as being the emcee of both programmes, he has been invited, not employed. This meant he was not an employee under the definition prescribed in the Labour Protection Act, BE 2541 (1998) and the Announcement of the Ministry of Interior Re: Labour Protection (No. 111).
  • 3.4) as he has been seen on the said programmes after having assumed the premiership, those shows were pre-recorded for months and he has already ceased from being the emcee prior to having been in office.

4. The Constitutional Court considered that:

  • 4.1) The spirit of this Constitution is to prevent against the conflict of interest which may cause the condition of misconduct—the condition compelled to choose between self-interest and public interest—to be occurred. Should a holder of the position offered by the public be mindful on his own interest beyond the public interest, he could conduct an abuse of his power. Therefore, the accomplishment of the spirit of the Constitution is not only to construct the term "employee" through the definition under the Civil and Commercial Code, the law on labour protection or the law on taxation, as each law contains different spirit and purposes of enforcement; as well as the said laws are at the lower class than the Constitution. The term "employee" under the Constitution holds broader meaning than that of any other laws, and should be interpreted in a general path. For which the Official Dictionary of Thai Words by the Royal Institute, 1999 Version defined the term "employee" that "a person who works for any job; a person who agrees to work for other person, irrespective of how he is called."
  • 4.2) Samak gave an interview in the Sakul Thai Magazine vol 47 (Tuesday 23 October 2001) pp 37 that he was monthly paid 80,000 Baht for being the emcee of the said programmes. And pursuant to the letter Samak replied to the Face Media Co., Ltd. on 25 December 2007 that he will do this work [being the emcee] without receiving anything as usual, this kind of letter has never been made by Samak prior to being enquired by the ECT. As well as the affirmation of Samak that he had received only the travelling costs from the Company was in contrary to the witnesses' testimonies and to the taxation evidences showing that what Samak previously received was the payments for working, not only the travelling costs as he represented.
  • 4.3) As Samak defended himself that the programmes aired after he was in office and were pre-recorded months before he came in; however, in one of the said programmes Samak stated that: "... Came again those people who wanted to find a person to replace Mr Samak as boisterously appeared on the news. Yes, that group, the group which delivered an ultimatum to Mr Samak to resign. They newly discovered that the programme 'Tasting and Grumbling' was in breach of law. Because, as I assumed the premiership ... and you know, they said that it [the Constitution] told that I was unable to be a temporary employee, permanent employee ... But, I have to fill my words into your ears that after having been in the premiership for three months, I am engaging in such work still. Because I have got some counsels from the top legal advisers that ..." This was a defence contrary per se.
  • 4.4) These were the clear traces of guilt. According to the conclusion of fact, it could be concluded that Samak was an employee to the said Company. Moreover, three Constitutional judges deemed that Samak portrait and the picture of rose apple mocking Samak’s nose using as a logo of the "Tasting and Grumbling" programme as well the status of being an emcee and the use of the name "Tasting and Grumbling", a popular quote of Samak, were the acts of engaging in a joint affair with a commercial purpose which were in breach of Section 267 of the Constitution. And another six judges deemed that it was not necessary to further decide as to what position Samak held in the said Company, as he was manifestly breached the law.

5. Therefore, the ConCourt, by the unanimous resolution, held that Samak has performed the acts in breach of Section 267 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand (2007) which individually led to the termination of his premiership in accordance with Section 182 Paragraph One (7) of which, and called forth the vacating from office of the entire Council of Ministers under Section 180 Paragraph One (1). However, as the premiership has individually been terminated, all Ministers other than Samak could remain in office as a caretaker government and continuing their functions until the new Council of Ministers is sworn in.

Reactions following the decision delivery

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Karn Tienkaew, deputy leader of Samak's People's Power Party, said it planned to propose a parliamentary vote Wednesday on returning Samak to power: "Samak still has legitimacy. The party still hopes to vote him back unless he says no. Otherwise we have many other capable candidates."[44]

On 10 September 2008, however, the PPP shied away from their earlier statement they would renominate Samak and was apparently looking for an alternative candidate instead;[45] with the new PM then scheduled to have bern nominated on 12 September 2008.[46]

People Power Party's deputy spokesman Kuthep Suthin Klangsang, on 12 September 2008, announced that: "Samak has accepted his nomination for prime minister. Samak said he is confident that parliament will find him fit for office, and that he is happy to accept the post. A majority of party members voted Thursday to reappoint Samak. Samak is the leader of our party so he is the best choice." Despite objections from its coalition partners, the PPP, in an urgent meeting, unanimously decided to renominate Samak Sundaravej. 5 coalition parties, namely Chart Thai, Matchima Thipataya, Pracharaj, Puea Pandin and Ruam Jai Thai Chart Pattana, unanimously agreed to support the People Power party (PPP) to set up the new government and vote for the person who should be nominated as the new prime minister. Chart Thai deputy leader Somsak Prissananantakul and Ruam Jai Thai Chart Pattana leader Chettha Thanajaro said the next prime minister who will be nominated on Friday. Caretaker prime minister Somchai Wongsawat said PPP secretary-general Surapong Suebwonglee will notify the 5 parties who the PPP nominates to take office again.[34][35][36] Some lawmakers, however, said they will propose an alternate candidate. Meanwhile, Thailand's army chief Gen. Anupong Paochinda said he backed the creation of a unity government that would include all the country's parties, and he also asked for the lifting of a state of emergency that Samak imposed on 2 September.[37]

The legal reasoning of the decision was also discussed in a Harvard Law School dissertation a full copy of which is available to the public.

Disapproval of Samak

[edit]

On 12 September 2008, however, the Isan faction of People Power Party (PPP) and the coalition parties boycotted the vote on a new prime minister, resulting in a lack of quorum and subsequent postponement of the vote.[47]

The boycott was a sign of the depth of ill-feeling towards Samak from both his own party's members and coalition parties. Finally, Samak gave up his re-election bid, allowing his party to choose new a nominee. The majority of his party and the coalition partners eventually voted for Somchai Wongsawat, Deputy Prime Minister, to be the new premier.[citation needed]

Political profile

[edit]
  • Member of Democrat Party (1968–1976)
  • Member of Parliament (1973–1975, 1976, 1979–1983, 1986–1990, 1992–2000, 2008)
  • Founder and Leader of Prachakorn Thai Party (Thai Citizens' Party) (1979–2000)
  • Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives (1975)
  • Deputy Minister of Interior (1976)
  • Minister of Interior (1976–1977)
  • Minister of Transport (1983–1986, 1990–1991)
  • Governor of Bangkok (2000–2004)
  • Senator-elected (2006; later nullified by coup d'état)
  • Leader of People's Power Party (2007–2008)
  • Prime Minister (2008)

The leader of People's Power Party

[edit]

On 29 July 2007, some former members of the Thai Rak Thai Party MPs agreed to contest the 2007 election as candidates of the People's Power Party. This was after the Thai Rak Thai Party was dissolved by the Thai Supreme Court on 30 May 2007 and followed the ban on participating in politics for many former TRT party politicians, such as Newin Chidchob, Buriram and former prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra. Many other former TRT members have also formed their own parties, such as the Ruam Jai Thai and Puea Pandin parties.

Samak Sundaravej and former TRT Cabinet Minister Surapong Suebwonglee were elected People's Power Party leader and secretary general respectively on 24 August 2007. It was, also, widely known that Thaksin chose him to be the new head of his former party's members.

On 23 December 2007 General Election the PPP won 228 seats, sufficient to win the election ahead of the Democrat Party but short of the 241 seats needed for a majority of the 480-seat house.[48] He was able to form a six-party coalition, however, gaining a parliamentary majority of about two-thirds.[49]

In a parliamentary vote on 28 January 2008, Samak was elected prime minister, receiving 310 votes against 163 for Abhisit Vejjejava of the Democrat Party. He was endorsed as prime minister by the king on the next day.[49] On 6 February, his Cabinet, including himself as Minister of Defense, was endorsed by the king and sworn in.[50] Samak angrily insisted he was the country's real leader on 29 February 2008 despite the triumphant return from exile of deposed premier Thaksin Shinawatra, the man considered the driving force behind the new government.[51]

Samak Sundaravej ended his campaign to regain his position on 12 September 2008. Mr Samak's decision was revealed on 11 September by Theerapol Nopparampa, his close aide, after he spent about 50 minutes meeting Mr Samak at his home and he told AP that Samak told him to tell "every reporter that he is going to step down from being the party leader and he will not accept the prime ministership."[52] The ruling People's Power Party said earlier it was abandoning its bid to install Samak back in power. The announcements raise hopes of ending a political crisis buffeting the country.[53] Leaders of the People Power Party had said since Tuesday that they would seek to restore Samak, but they need to convince five other parties in the coalition to go along with that choice. Some lawmakers have indicated they will propose an alternate candidate.[54]

Death

[edit]

At age 73, Samak admitted he had liver cancer and underwent laser surgery to remove a tumour and was treated at Bumrungrad International Hospital on 2 October 2008. He was discharged on 25 October.[55] On the morning of 24 November 2009, it was reported that at 8:48 am Samak had died at Bumrungrad International Hospital of liver cancer at the age of 74.[56] Thaksin Shinawatra, former Thai Prime Minister, said "My family and I express profound sorrow for the passing away of HE (His Excellency) Samak but I will not be able to attend his funeral."[56][57] Samak's funeral was held at Wat Benchamabophit and his cremation was held at Wat Debsirin.[58] Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn presided over the ceremonies, representing the King and Queen.[59] His ashes were scattered in Sattahip Bay in a final ceremony.[60]

Honours

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Royal decorations

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Samak has received the following royal decorations in the Honours System of Thailand:

Foreign Honours

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Samak cabinet

[edit]

This Cabinet was active from 6 February 2008 to 24 September 2008

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Samak Sundaravej, celebrity chef and prime minister of Thailand, died on 24 November, aged 74, 3 December 2009, The Economist
  2. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jsKrakvSHg&list=PLF5A406F05C9AC492&index=24&t=0s min 17.12
  3. ^ [1] [bare URL PDF]
  4. ^ [泰国] 洪林, 黎道纲主编 (April 2006). 泰国华侨华人研究. 香港社会科学出版社有限公司. p. 187. ISBN 962-620-127-4.
  5. ^ "Li Samak? That's the Thai Prime Minister". No. 2 July 2008. 2 July 2008. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  6. ^ Samuk Sundaravej biography Archived 1 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine Mathichon Online retrieved on 29 January 2008.(in Thai)
  7. ^ "Samak Found Guilty". The Nation. 21 September 2008. Archived from the original on 23 September 2008.
  8. ^ "Court Says PM Most Resign". Bangkok Post. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017.
  9. ^ David van Praagh (1996). Thailand's Struggle for Democracy. Holmes & Meier (1996). ISBN 9780841913219.
  10. ^ Paul M. Handley. The King Never Smiles. Yale University Press (2006).
  11. ^ a b van Praagh
  12. ^ a b Handley
  13. ^ David Murray. Angels and Devils. White Orchid Press (1996).
  14. ^ The Nation, 21 May 1992
  15. ^ Murray
  16. ^ "Appeal court to rule on defamation suit". The Nation. 25 August 2008. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008.
  17. ^ "Samak Fails to Overturn His Libel Conviction and Two-Year Jail Term". The Nation. 25 September 2008. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2008.
  18. ^ "Thai Democrats launch no-confidence motion against PM and ministers in parliament". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2008.
  19. ^ "Censure motion filed against PM, 7 ministers". The Nation. 18 June 2008. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2008.
  20. ^ "Thai PM survives no-confidence motion as expected". Reuters. Retrieved 27 June 2008.
  21. ^ "Thai government in disarray as foreign minister resigns". Bangkok. Agence France-Presse. 10 July 2008. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
  22. ^ "Noppadon impeached by the Opposition". The Nation. 22 August 2008. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
  23. ^ "Thai PM Samak refuses to resign". BBC News.
  24. ^ "Thai minister to stay despite protests". Gulf News. 30 August 2008. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2008.
  25. ^ "Thai protesters break into government office as PM heads to consult king". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 1 September 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2008.
  26. ^ eleconomista.es, "I will never resign" says besieged Thai PM
  27. ^ "Thai Protest of Premier Stops Trains and Planes". The New York Times. 30 August 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2008.
  28. ^ "Pressure mounts on Thailand's PM". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 September 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2008.
  29. ^ Rattaphol Onsanit; Daniel Ten Kate (30 August 2008). "Thai Party Calls Urgent Session as Protests Spread". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2008.
  30. ^ "State of emergency declared in Bangkok". The Nation. 2 September 2008. Archived from the original on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 2 September 2008.
  31. ^ State of emergency lifted, hotelthailand.com. Accessed 7 June 2024.
  32. ^ BBC News. (9 September 2008). Court says Thai PM 'must resign'. [Online]. Available: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7605838.stm. (Accessed: 10 September 2008).
  33. ^ "Anyone But Samak". Bangkok Post. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008.
  34. ^ a b "Coalition parties to hold meeting this evening". Bangkok Post. Archived from the original on 19 November 2014.
  35. ^ a b "Thai ruling party re-nominates leader as PM". Associated Press.
  36. ^ a b "Party spokesman: Samak accepts PM nomination". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 19 September 2008.
  37. ^ a b "Thai ruling party nominates Samak for PM". CNN. 11 September 2008.
  38. ^ "Ousted Premier Ends Attempt to Get Job Back". The Washington Post. 12 September 2008. Retrieved 13 September 2008.
  39. ^ "Somchai, Sompong are candidates for PM". Bangkok Post. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2008.
  40. ^ Ploy Chitsomboon (13 September 2008). "Thai ruling coalition begins search for new PM". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 13 September 2008.
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[edit]
Political offices
Preceded by Governor of Bangkok
2000–2004 		Succeeded by
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