Sterculia
Sterculia | |
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S. foetida | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Malvales |
Family: | Malvaceae |
Subfamily: | Sterculioideae |
Genus: | Sterculia L., 1753[1] |
Species | |
See text | |
Synonyms | |
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Scarlet_Shower_%28Sterculia_coccinea%29_%288679258490%29.jpg/220px-Scarlet_Shower_%28Sterculia_coccinea%29_%288679258490%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sterculia_setigera_MHNT.BOT.2004.0.226.jpg/220px-Sterculia_setigera_MHNT.BOT.2004.0.226.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sterculia_pruriens_MHNT.BOT.2010.6.53.jpg/220px-Sterculia_pruriens_MHNT.BOT.2010.6.53.jpg)
Sterculia[2] is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae: subfamily Sterculioideae (previously placed in the now obsolete Sterculiaceae[1]). Members of the genus are colloquially known as tropical chestnuts. Sterculia may be monoecious or dioecious, and its flowers unisexual or bisexual.
Taxonomy
[edit]Phylogeny
[edit]A 27-million-year-old †Sterculia labrusca leaf fossil is described from the Evros region in Western Thrace, Greece.[3]
Species
[edit]Plants of the World Online includes the following accepted species:[4]
- Sterculia abbreviata E.L.Taylor ex Mondragón
- Sterculia aberrans Tardieu
- Sterculia acuminatissima Merr.
- Sterculia aerisperma Cuatrec.
- Sterculia africana (Lour.) Fiori – Mopopaja tree
- Sterculia albidiflora Ducke
- Sterculia alexandri Harv. – Cape sterculia
- Sterculia allenii E.L.Taylor ex Al.Rodr. & D.Santam.
- Sterculia amazonica E.L.Taylor ex Mondragón
- Sterculia ampla Baker f.
- Sterculia apeibophylla Ducke
- Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) H.Karst. – Panama tree; manduvi tree
- Sterculia appendiculata K.Schum.
- Sterculia backeri Tantra
- Sterculia balanghas L.
- Sterculia bammleri K.Schum.
- Sterculia blumei G.Don
- Sterculia bolavenensis Tagane & Soulad.
- Sterculia bracteata Gagnep.
- Sterculia brevissima H.H.Hsue ex Y.Tang, M.G.Gilbert & Dorr
- Sterculia campaniflora Ridl.
- Sterculia caribaea R.Br.
- Sterculia carrii Tantra
- Sterculia ceramica R.Br.
- Sterculia chapelieri Baill.
- Sterculia cheekii Dorr
- Sterculia chlamydothyrsa Mildbr.
- Sterculia chrysodasys Miq.
- Sterculia cinerea A.Rich.
- Sterculia cochinchinensis Pierre Trôm nam in Vietnam
- Sterculia cognata Prain
- Sterculia colombiana Sprague
- Sterculia comorensis Baill.
- Sterculia comosa Wall.
- Sterculia conwentzii K.Schum.
- Sterculia cordata Blume
- Sterculia corrugata Little
- Sterculia costaricana Pittier
- Sterculia crassinervia Miq.
- Sterculia cuneifolia Miq.
- Sterculia curiosa (Vell.) Taroda
- Sterculia cuspidata R.Br.
- Sterculia dactylocarpa Warb.
- Sterculia darbyshirei Tantra
- Sterculia dasyphylla A.C.Sm.
- Sterculia dawei Sprague
- Sterculia duckei E.L.Taylor ex J.A.C.Silva & M.F.Silva
- Sterculia edelfeltii F.Muell.
- Sterculia ellipticifolia Fosberg
- Sterculia elmeri Merr.
- Sterculia euosma W.W.Sm.
- Sterculia excelsa Mart.
- Sterculia fanaiho Setch.
- Sterculia foetida L. – bastard poon tree, hazel sterculia, wild almond tree[5]
- Sterculia forsteri Seem.
- Sterculia frondosa Rich.
- Sterculia gengmaensis H.H.Hsue ex Y.Tang, M.G.Gilbert & Dorr
- Sterculia gilva Miq.
- Sterculia glauca A.H.Gentry
- Sterculia gracilipes Pierre
- Sterculia grandifolia R.Br.
- Sterculia guangxiensis S.J.Xu & P.T.Li
- Sterculia guapayensis Cuatrec.
- Sterculia guianensis Sandwith
- Sterculia guttata Roxb.
- Sterculia hainanensis Merr. & Chun
- Sterculia harmandii Pierre
- Sterculia henryi Hemsl.
- Sterculia hewittii Ridl.
- Sterculia holtzei F.Muell.
- Sterculia hymenocalyx K.Schum.
- Sterculia hypochroa Pierre – Trôm quạt in Vietnam
- Sterculia hyposticta Miq.
- Sterculia impressinervis H.H.Hsue
- Sterculia insularis R.Br.
- Sterculia kayae P.E.Berry
- Sterculia khasiana Debb. ex Biswas
- Sterculia kingii Prain
- Sterculia kingtungensis H.H.Hsue ex Y.Tang, M.G.Gilbert & Dorr
- Sterculia kostermansiana Tantra
- Sterculia lancaviensis Ridl.
- Sterculia lanceifolia Roxb.
- Sterculia lanceolata Cav.
- Sterculia lastoursvillensis M.Bodard & Pellegr.
- Sterculia laxiflora Rusby
- Sterculia lepidotostellata Mildbr.
- Sterculia linguifolia Mast.
- Sterculia lissophylla Pierre
- Sterculia longifolia Vent.
- Sterculia longipetiolata Merr.
- Sterculia macrophylla Vent.
- Sterculia macrostemon Tantra
- Sterculia madagascariensis R.Br.
- Sterculia maoana Doweld
- Sterculia mastersii Pierre
- Sterculia megistophylla Ridl.
- Sterculia membranacea Merr.
- Sterculia mexicana R.Br.
- Sterculia mhosya Engl.
- Sterculia micrantha Chun & H.H.Hsue
- Sterculia mindorensis Tantra
- Sterculia monosperma Vent. – China chestnut, seven sisters' fruit, pheng phok
- Sterculia monticola Mildbr.
- Sterculia morobeensis Tantra
- Sterculia murex Hemsl. – Lowveld chestnut
- Sterculia oblonga Mast.
- Sterculia oblongata R.Br.
- Sterculia ornatisepala E.L.Taylor ex D.Santam. & Al.Rodr.
- Sterculia palauensis Kaneh.
- Sterculia papuana Tantra
- Sterculia parkinsonii F.Muell.
- Sterculia parviflora Roxb. ex G.Don
- Sterculia parvifolia R.Br.
- Sterculia peekelii Mildbr.
- Sterculia pendula Ducke
- Sterculia perryae Kosterm.
- Sterculia peruviana (D.R.Simpson) E.L.Taylor ex Brako & Zarucchi
- Sterculia petenensis E.L.Taylor ex D.Santam. & Al.Rodr.
- Sterculia pexa Pierre
- Sterculia pinbienensis H.T.Tsai & P.I.Mao
- Sterculia pojoira Cuatrec.
- Sterculia ponapensis Kaneh.
- Sterculia principis Gagnep.
- Sterculia pruriens (Aubl.) K.Schum.
- Sterculia pseudopeltata Mildbr.
- Sterculia quadrifida – Gorarbar
- Sterculia quinqueloba (Garcke) K.Schum. – Five-lobed sterculia
- Sterculia radicans Gagnep.
- Sterculia recordiana Standl.
- Sterculia rhinopetala K.Schum. – Red sterculia
- Sterculia rhoidifolia Stapf ex Ridl.
- Sterculia rhynchocarpa K.Schum.
- Sterculia rhynchophylla K.Schum.
- Sterculia rigidifolia Ducke
- Sterculia ripicola Mildbr.
- Sterculia rogersii N.E. Br. – Ulumbu tree
- Sterculia rubiginosa Vent – Bai rua long in Vietnam
- Sterculia rugosa R.Br.
- Sterculia sangirensis Warb.
- Sterculia scandens Hemsl.
- Sterculia schlechteri Mildbr.
- Sterculia schliebenii Mildbr.
- Sterculia scortechinii King
- Sterculia setigera Delile
- Sterculia shillinglawii F.Muell.
- Sterculia simaoensis Y.Y.Qian
- Sterculia spangleri R.Br.
- Sterculia spatulata Warb.
- Sterculia speciosa K.Schum.
- Sterculia stapfiana K.Schum.
- Sterculia stenocarpa H.J.P.Winkl.
- Sterculia steyermarkii E.L.Taylor ex Mondragón
- Sterculia stigmarota Pierre
- Sterculia stipulata Korth.
- Sterculia stipulifera Ducke
- Sterculia striata A.St.-Hil. & Naudin
- Sterculia striatiflora Mast.
- Sterculia subnobilis H.H.Hsue
- Sterculia subpeltata Blume
- Sterculia subracemosa Chun & H.H.Hsue
- Sterculia subviolacea K.Schum.
- Sterculia tannaensis Guillaumin
- Sterculia tantraensis Morat
- Sterculia tavia Baill.
- Sterculia tessmannii Mildbr.
- Sterculia tonkinensis Aug. DC.
- Sterculia tantraensis
- Sterculia thorelii Pierre – (Bay thua Thorel in Vietnam: S. urens var. thorelii was thought to be a synonym)
- Sterculia tragacantha Lindl.
- Sterculia tragacanthoides Engl.
- Sterculia urceolata Sm.
- Sterculia urens Roxb. – Gulu (synonym of Firmiana simplex)
- Sterculia urophylla Merr.
- Sterculia venezuelensis Pittier
- Sterculia versicolor Wall.
- Sterculia villifera Steud. – Broad-leaved bottle tree
- Sterculia villosa Roxb.
- Sterculia vitiensis Seem.
- Sterculia xolocotzii T. Wendt & E.L. Taylor
- Sterculia yatesii Merr.
- Sterculia yuanjiangensis H.H. Hsue & X.J.Xu
- Sterculia zeylanica Kosterm.
Deprecated
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Etymology
[edit]The scientific name is taken from Sterculius of Roman mythology, who was the god of manure; this is in reference to the unpleasant aroma of the flowers of this genus (e.g. Sterculia foetida).
Ecology
[edit]Sterculia species are food plants for the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the leaf miner Bucculatrix xenaula, which feeds exclusively on this genus.
Toxicity and uses
[edit]The pods, particularly those of S. foetida, contain seeds reported to be edible, with a taste similar to cocoa.[8] However, the oil contains cyclopropene fatty acids which could be carcinogenic or co-carcinogenic.[9]
Gum karaya is extracted from Sterculia species, and is used as a thickener and emulsifier in foods, as a laxative, and as a denture adhesive. In India, this is sourced from: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madras, Madhya Pradesh and Chhota Nagpur.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c "Genus: Sterculia L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-06-05. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
- ^ Linnaeus C (1753) In: Species Plantarum 2: 1007.
- ^ Review of the Cenozoic floras and vegetation of Greece by Dimitrios Velitzelos, Johannes M. Bouchal and Thomas Denk - Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Volume 204, May 2014, Pages 56-117
- ^ "Sterculia L.". Plants of the World Online, accessed 15 April 2023
- ^ "Species Information". www.worldagroforestry.org. Archived from the original on 2007-03-13.
- ^ "Firmiana simplex". The Plant List, accessed 30 June 2018.
- ^ "GRIN Species Records of Sterculia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
- ^ The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ L. O. Hanus, P. Goldshlag, V. M. Dembitsky (2008). "Identification Of Cyclopropyl Fatty Acids In Walnut (Juglans Regia L.) Oil." Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2008, 152(1):41–45.
External links
[edit]Data related to Sterculia at Wikispecies
Media related to Sterculia at Wikimedia Commons
- FAO: Species with edible "nuts" listed by families angiosperms (under Sterculiaceae)