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Manuel L. Quezon (1878–1944) was a Filipino statesman, soldier, and politician who served as president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944. He is considered to have been the second president of the Philippines, after Emilio Aguinaldo (1897–1901). During his presidency, Quezon tackled the problem of landless peasants in the countryside, reorganized the islands' military defense, promoted settlement and development in Mindanao, and opposed graft and corruption within the government. He established an exiled government in the U.S. with the outbreak of the war and the threat of Japanese invasion.Photograph: United States Office of War Information; restoration: Chris Woodrich