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Interactive Brokers LLC
Company typePublic
Nasdaq: IBKR
IndustryFinancial services
FoundedNew York City, United States (1978; 46 years ago (1978))
Headquarters
Greenwich, Connecticut,
United States
Number of locations
19 offices in 12 countries[1]
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Thomas Peterffy
(Founder, Chairman & CEO)
ProductsDirect market access to stocks, options, futures, forex, bonds, ETFs and CFDs
ServicesOnline brokerage, direct-access trading
Revenue
  • Decrease US$415 million (2015)
  • US$459 million (2014)[1]
Total assets
  • Increase US$48.7 billion (2015)
  • US$43.4 billion (2014)[1]
Total equity
  • Increase US$5.3 billion (2015)
  • US$5.2 billion (2014)[1]
Number of employees
  • Increase1,087 (2015)
  • 960 (2014)[1]
ParentInteractive Brokers Group
Websiteinteractivebrokers.com

Interactive Brokers Group Inc. (IBG) is a U.S.-based automated global electronic broker and market maker. It is the largest U.S. electronic brokerage firm by number of daily average revenue trades, and is the leading forex broker. The company brokers stocks, options, futures, futures options, forex, bonds, ETFs and CFDs on more than 100 electronic exchanges and market centers around the world. Interactive Brokers also services commodity trading advisors (CTAs), making it the fifth-largest prime broker servicing CTAs.

The company is headquartered in Greenwich, Connecticut and has offices in fourteen cities around the world. The group was founded by CEO and Chairman Thomas Peterffy, an early innovator in computer-assisted trading. IB is regulated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority and other regulatory agencies. The company is a provider of fully disclosed, omnibus, and non-disclosed broker accounts[nb 1] and provides correspondent clearing services to 200 introducing brokers worldwide. The company serves 353 thousand client brokerage accounts, with US$80.4 billion in customer equity. The company owns 40 percent of the futures exchange OneChicago, and is an equity partner and founder of the Boston Options Exchange.

First created as a market maker in 1977 under the name T.P. & Co., Peterffy's organization was renamed Timber Hill Inc. in 1982. It was the first to use fair value pricing sheets on trading floors, in 1979, and the first to use handheld computers for trading, in 1983. In 1987, Peterffy also created the first fully automated algorithmic trading system, to automatically input orders to a market. Between 1993 and 1994, the corporate group Interactive Brokers Group was created, and the subsidiary Interactive Brokers was formed to offer electronic brokerage, separate from Timber Hill, which conducted market making. Currently about 16.6 percent of the company is publicly held, while the remainder is held by employees; Thomas Peterffy is the largest shareholder.

History

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Peterffy talking about his handheld computers in a CNBC interview, 2016

1977 to 1992

[edit]

In 1977, Thomas Peterffy left his job designing commodity trading software for Mocatta Metals, and bought a seat on the American Stock Exchange (AMEX) as an individual options market maker. The following year, he formed his first company, named T.P. & Co., to expand trading activities to several members under badge number 549. At the time, trading used an open outcry system; Peterffy developed algorithms to determine the best prices for options and used those on the trading floor,[3] and thus the firm became the first to use daily printed fair value pricing sheets. In 1979, the company expanded to employ four traders, three of whom were AMEX members. In 1982, Peterffy renamed T.P. & Co. to Timber Hill Inc.; he named it after a road to a favorite retreat,[4][5]: 30–1  one of his properties on Hutchin Hill Road in Woodstock, New York. By 1983, Peterffy was sending orders to the floor from his upstairs office; he devised a system to read the data from a Quotron machine by measuring the electric pulses in the wire and decoding them. The data would be then sent through Peterffy's trading algorithms, and then Peterffy would call down the trades.[5]: 33  After pressure to become a true market maker and keep constant bids and offers, Peterffy knew that he would need his employees to closely pay attention to market movements, and that handheld computers would help. At the time, the AMEX didn't permit computers on the trading floor. Because of this, Peterffy had an assistant deliver market information from his office in the World Trade Center.[5]: 11  In November 1983 he convinced the exchange to allow computer use on the floor.[4]

In 1983, Peterffy sought to computerize the options market, and he first targeted the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE).[4] At the time, brokers still used fair value pricing sheets, which were by then updated once or twice a day. In 1983, Timber Hill created the first handheld computers used for trading. As Peterffy explained in a 2016 interview, the battery-powered units had touch screens for the user to input a stock price and it would produce the recommended option prices,[6][7] and it also tracked positions and continually repriced options on stocks.[8] However, he immediately encountered opposition from the heads of the exchange. When he first brought a 12-inch-long (30 cm) by 9-inch-wide (23 cm) device to the exchange floor, a committee in the exchange told him it was too big. When he made the device smaller, the committee stated that no analytic devices were allowed to be used on the exchange floor. Effectively blocked from using the CBOE, he sought to use his devices at other exchanges.[4]

Colored computer screens used for stock trading
Images of the displays used at the NYSE to direct traders

Also in 1983, Timber Hill expanded to 12 employees and began trading on the Philadelphia Stock Exchange. In 1984, Timber Hill began coding a computerized stock index futures and options trading system and, in February 1985, Timber Hill's system and network was brought online. The system was designed to centrally price and manage risk on a portfolio of equity derivatives traded in multiple locations around the country.[8] In 1985, Peterffy introduced his computer system to the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), which allowed it, however only in use at trading booths several yards away from where transactions were executed. Peterffy responded by designing a code system for his traders to read colored lights emitted in patterns from the computers in the booths. This caused the exchange and other members to be suspicious of insider trading, which convinced Timber Hill to distribute the code throughout the exchange.[4] The exchange then had the company turn the screens away from the trading floor, which prompted Peterffy to hire a clerk to communicate with the traders via hand signals. Eventually computers were allowed on the trading floor.[9]

Timber Hill joined the Options Clearing Corporation in 1984, the New York Futures Exchange in 1985, and the Pacific Stock Exchange and the options division of the NYSE the following year. Also in 1985, the firm began trading on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, the Chicago Board of Trade and the Chicago Board Options Exchange. In 1986, the company moved its headquarters to the World Trade Center to control activity at multiple exchanges. Peterffy again hired workers to sprint from his offices to the exchanges with updated handheld devices, which he later superseded with phone lines carrying data to computers at the exchanges. Peterffy later built miniature radio transmitters into the handhelds and the exchange computers to allow data to automatically flow to them.[5]: 39 

In 1987, Timber Hill joined the National Securities Clearing Corporation and the Depository Trust Company (now merged as the Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation). By 1987, Timber Hill had 67 employees and had become self-clearing in equities.[8] In 1987, the CBOE was about to close down its S&P 500 options market due to the options not attracting trader interest. Because of this, Peterffy pledged that Timber Hill would make tight markets in the product for a year if the exchange would allow the traders to use handheld computers on the trading floor. The exchange agreed, and more traders were attracted by the change in pricing; today S&P 500 options are the most actively traded index options in the U.S.[4] In 1990, Timber Hill Deutschland GmbH was incorporated in Germany, and shortly thereafter began trading equity derivatives at the Deutsche Terminborse (DTB), marking the first time that Timber Hill used one of its trading systems on a fully automated exchange. In 1992, Timber Hill began trading at the Swiss Options and Financial Futures Exchange, which merged with DTB in 1998 to become Eurex. At this time, Timber Hill had 142 employees.[8]

The 1973-2001 World Trade Center seen from the Hudson River
In the 1980s, the company was located in the World Trade Center.

While Peterffy was trading on the Nasdaq in 1987,[10] he created the first fully automated algorithmic trading system. It consisted of an IBM computer that would fully carry out trades and pull data from a Nasdaq terminal connected to it. The machine, which Peterffy wrote the software for, worked faster than a trader could.[5]: 12–4  Upon inspection, the Nasdaq banned direct interface with terminal, and wanted trades typed in manually. Peterffy and his team then designed a system with a camera to read the terminal, a computer to decode the visual data, and mechanical fingers to type in trades, which this time was accepted by the Nasdaq.[5]: 17 

1993 to 2000

[edit]

Interactive Brokers Inc. (now known as Interactive Brokers LLC (IB)) was incorporated in 1993 as a U.S. broker-dealer, making Timber Hill's electronic network and trade execution services available to customers. In 1994, Timber Hill Europe began trading at the European Options Exchange, the OM Exchange and the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange. Also in 1994, Timber Hill Deutschland became a member of the Belgium Futures and Options Exchange, IB became a member of the New York Stock Exchange, and the Timber Hill Group LLC was formed as a holding company of the Group's operating companies. In 1995, Timber Hill France S.A. was incorporated and began making markets at the Marché des Options Négociables de Paris (a subsidiary of Euronext Paris) and the Marché à Terme International de France futures exchange. Also in 1995, Timber Hill Hong Kong began market making at the Hong Kong Futures Exchange and IB created its primary trading platform IB Trader Workstation℠ and executed its first trades for public customers.[8]

In 1996, Timber Hill Securities Hong Kong Limited was incorporated and began trading at the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. In 1997, Timber Hill Australia Pty Limited was incorporated in Australia, and Timber Hill Europe began trading in Norway and became a member of the Austrian Derivatives Exchange. By 1997, Timber Hill had 284 employees. In 1998, Timber Hill Canada Company was formed, and IB began to clear online trades for retail customers connected directly to Globex to trade S&P futures. In 1999, IB introduced a smart order routing linkage for multiple-listed equity options and began to clear trades for its customers trading stocks and equity derivatives.[8] By 2000, IB began to clear trades for its customers trading stocks and equity derivatives. Also in 2000, Interactive Brokers (U.K.) Limited was formed and Timber Hill became a Primary Market Maker on the International Securities Exchange (ISE).[8]

2001 to present

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An office room with computers, monitors, and desks
Company trading floor

In 2001, the corporate name of the Timber Hill Group LLC was changed to Interactive Brokers Group LLC (now known as IBG LLC), which at the time handled 200,000 trades per day. In 2002, Interactive Brokers, along with the Bourse de Montréal and the Boston Stock Exchange, created the Boston Options Exchange. Also in 2002, IB introduced Mobile Trader and an application programming interface for customers and developers to integrate their systems with the IB trading system. In 2002, Timber Hill became the major market maker for the newly introduced U.S. single-stock futures at the OneChicago exchange. In 2003, Interactive Brokers expanded its trade execution and clearing services to include Belgian index options and futures, Canadian stocks, equity/index options and futures, Dutch index options and futures, German equity options, Italian index options and futures, Japanese index options and futures, and U.K. equity options. In 2004, IB introduced direct market access to its customers on the Frankfurt and Stuttgart exchanges. In the same year, IB upgraded its account management system and IB Trader Workstation℠, adding real-time charts, scanners, fundamental analytics, and tools BookTrader and OptionTrader to the platform. In 2005, IB released its forex trading platform IdealPro (now Ideal FX). In 2006, the IB Options Intelligence Report was launched to report on unusual concentrations of trading interests and changing levels of uncertainty in the option markets. Also in that year, IBG took stakes in OneChicago, the ISE Stock Exchange, and the CBOE Stock Exchange. In 2006, Interactive Brokers became the first to offer penny-priced options.[8]

On May 3, 2007, IBG held its initial public offering (IPO) through the Nasdaq and sold 40 million shares at $30.01 ($44.1 in 2023)[11] per share.[8] It was run as a Dutch auction handled by WR Hambrecht (which handled Google's IPO similarly in 2004) and HSBC;[7][12] it was the second-largest U.S. IPO that year[5] and the largest brokerage IPO since 2005.[12] The shares sold represented approximately 10 percent of the interest in IBG LLC.[13] Also in 2007, a real-time Portfolio Margin platform was introduced for customers trading multiple asset classes, providing increased leverage with real-time risk management, and the company also introduced exchange for physical orders for customers to exchange stocks and futures at a market-determined rate. In 2008, the company released the IB Risk Navigator℠, a market risk management platform. Also in 2008, several trading algorithms were introduced to the Trader Workstation. Among these is the Accumulate-Distribute Algo, which allows traders to divide large orders into small non-uniform increments and release them at random intervals over time to achieve better prices for large volume orders.[8]

In 2009, IB launched iTWS, a mobile trading app based on the IB Trader Workstation℠, and the Portfolio Analyst tool. In 2011, the company introduced several new services, including the Interactive Brokers Information System, Hedge Fund Capital Introduction Program, and the Stock Yield Enhancement Program. In that year, Interactive Brokers became the largest online U.S. broker as measured by daily average revenue trades.[8] During the Occupy Wall Street protests of 2011–2012, IB ran a series of television commercials with the catchphrase "Join the 1%",[14] which were somewhat controversial as a counterpoint to the protests.[15][16][17] In 2012, IB began offering financial advisor and money manager accounts and opened the fully electronic Money Manager Marketplace. IB also released the TWS Mosaic trading interface and the Tax Optimizer for managing capital gains and losses. In 2013, IB released the Probability Lab tool and Traders' Insight, a service that provides daily commentary by Interactive Brokers traders. Also in 2013, IB integrated its trading notification tool (called IB FYI) into the TWS.[8] The tool keeps customers informed of upcoming announcements that could impact their account, and it can automatically act to exercise options early if the action is found to be beneficial for the customer. IB FYI also can act to automatically suspend a customer's orders before the announcement of major economic events that influence the market.[18] On April 3, 2014, Interactive Brokers became the first online broker to offer direct access to IEX, a private forum for trading securities whose self-declared mission was to eliminate the unfair advantage held by high frequency traders.[19] In 2015, IB created the service Investors' Marketplace, which allows customers to find investors and other service providers in the financial industry.[20] IB also gained clients through an alliance with Scottrade, which had previously offered complex option trading through its platform OptionsFirst, now handled by Interactive Brokers under the platform ScottradePro.[21] In March 2016, IB released a companion app to iTWS for the Apple Watch.[22]

Operations

[edit]
A dark office filled with computers; screens of financial data fill one wall
IB Technical Operations

Interactive Brokers is the largest electronic brokerage firm in the US by number of daily average revenue trades.[23]vIB's proprietary technology infrastructure enables it to provide customers with the ability to execute trades at among the lowest commission costs in the industry. Additionally, its customers benefit from real time systems optimization for the Group's market making business. Customer trades are both automatically captured and reported in real time in IB's system. IB's customers trade on more than 100 exchanges and market centers in 24 countries around the world. All of these exchanges are partially or fully electronic, meaning that a customer can buy or sell a product traded on that exchange via an electronic link from his or her computer terminal through IB's system to the exchange. IB offers its products and services through a global communications network that is designed to provide secure, reliable and timely access to the most current market information. IB provides its customers with a variety of means to connect to its brokerage systems, including dedicated point to point data lines, virtual private networks and the Internet.

Peterffy has described the company as similar to Charles Schwab Corporation or TD Ameritrade, however specializing to larger customers and charging low transaction costs. He also described the company's focus on building technology over having high sales, with technology often used to automate systems in order to service customers at a low cost.[24] The company can afford to focus on automation and acquiring customers over focusing on financial results, as 84% of the company is held by employees.[25] Mobile transactions account for about 10% of the company's retail orders.[26] Investors can open online accounts, which require $10,000 invested; individual retirement accounts require $5,000 and clients under age 26 require $3,000.[27] Monthly trading commissions for most accounts are $10 a month, with an activity fee charged if the minimum commissions are not met.[28] New customers are directed towards the company's education resource Traders' University, which includes a webinar series and videos on IB's products and trading tools.[26] Interactive Brokers has systems that prevent traders from violating Securities and Exchange Commission regulations, including by preventing customers from pattern day trading.[29] IB controls risk through automated real time credit management of all new orders and margin monitoring, which contributes to its low cost structure.

Employees

[edit]

Interactive Brokers Group has eight directors, including Thomas Peterffy, Chairman of the Board of Directors, who as the largest shareholder is able to elect board members.[1]: 24  The company has 1,087 employees; 1,037 of them hold company stock.[1]: 17  Interactive Brokers employs computer programmers and IT workers; programmers outnumber other employees five to one.[4] Approximately nine percent of employees work in legal or regulatory compliance departments.[1]

Among the company's directors are Hans Stoll, founder and director of the Financial Markets Research Center at Vanderbilt University, and an author and former president of the American Finance Association.[30] Director Lawrence E. Harris is a professor at the University of Southern California's Marshall School of Business, and was Chief Economist of the Securities and Exchange Commission.[31] Ivers Riley, former chairman of the International Securities Exchange, CEO of the Hong Kong Futures Exchange, and chief developer of SPDR funds, was a director at Interactive Brokers until his passing in 2015.[32]

Locations

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Interactive Brokers LLC has offices in Chicago, Hong Kong, Shanghai (a representative office), Sydney, and Zug, Switzerland. The Connecticut offices include its 81,000-square-foot (7,500 m2) headquarters in downtown Greenwich[1]: 35  and an office park nearby. Traders and programmers work in units with several monitors and more overhead, while several network engineers staff an area round the clock, six days a week.[3] In addition to Interactive Brokers LLC's offices, its parent, IBG, has offices in Jersey City, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., West Palm Beach, Boston, Montreal, London, Vaduz, Budapest, St. Petersburg, Tallinn, Mumbai, and Tokyo. More than half of the company's customers reside outside the United States, in approximately 190 countries.[1]: 45 

Media

[edit]

The first chapter of Christopher Steiner's 2012 book Automate This: How Algorithms Came to Rule Our World thoroughly describes Thomas Peterffy's development of Interactive Brokers and technologies leading to the modern automated market.[5] Four chapters of Scott Patterson's Dark Pools: The Rise of the Machine Traders and the Rigging of the U.S. Stock Market also detail Peterffy and his company.[33]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ A fully disclosed account provides client information and identification, while a non-disclosed account provides no client data to the broker.[2]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "2015 Annual Report" (PDF). Interactive Brokers Group. 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  2. ^ "Configuring Your Account: Account Structures". Interactive Brokers Group. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  3. ^ a b Brown, Abram (November 5, 2014). "Billionaire Thomas Peterffy Practically Invented Digital Trading. Now He Wants To Be Your Broker". Forbes. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g McGee, Susan (November 10, 2005). "A Breed Apart". Institutional Investor. No. November 2005. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Steiner, Christopher (2012). Automate This: How Algorithms Came to Rule Our World. New York, New York: The Penguin Group. ISBN 978-1-59184-492-1. OCLC 757470260. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  6. ^ Peterffy, Thomas (April 25, 2016). "Pro Talks: Billionaire Wall Street Pioneer Peterffy" (Interview). Interviewed by Mike Santoli. CNBC. Retrieved June 21, 2016.
  7. ^ a b Moyer, Liz (May 4, 2007). "He Told You So". Forbes. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "About the Interactive Brokers Group". Interactive Brokers Group. January 1, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  9. ^ Story, Louise (November 11, 2005). "See! The Street Was Paved With Gold". The New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  10. ^ Peterffy, Thomas (April 23, 2015). "'We Built A Robot That Types': The Man Behind Computerized Stock Trading". All Things Considered (Interview). Interviewed by David Kestenbaum. National Public Radio. Retrieved June 6, 2016. {{cite interview}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  11. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  12. ^ a b Cameron, Doug (May 4, 2007). "IPO values Interactive Brokers at $12bn". Financial Times. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  13. ^ Bunge, Jacob (April 19, 2012). "Interactive Brokers Founder, CEO To 'Gradually' Retire". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  14. ^ Dicker, Ron (March 26, 2012). "Interactive Brokers Ad Mocks Occupy Movement: 'Join The 1%'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  15. ^ Roose, Kevin. "Is It O.K. to Joke About Occupy Now?". The New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  16. ^ Mucha, Thomas (March 26, 2012). "Open season on Occupy Wall Street?". GlobalPost. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  17. ^ The Crisis and Renewal of U.S. Capitalism. Routledge. 2016. p. 257-8. ISBN 978-1-138-90875-8. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  18. ^ "IB FYI". Interactive Brokers Group. 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  19. ^ "Interactive Brokers Adds IEX as an Electronic Trading Venue (press release)". Business Wire. April 3, 2014. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  20. ^ Carrel, Lawrence (January 22, 2016). "Interactive Brokers Aims For Best Platform, Lowest Price". Investor's Business Daily. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  21. ^ Carey, Theresa W. (February 28, 2015). "Tradier Lets Developers Build Their Own Broker Sites". Barron's. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  22. ^ Wells, Juana (March 9, 2016). "Interactive Brokers Adds Apple Watch Support to IB TWS Mobile Trading App". SMN Weekly. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
  23. ^ "IB Fact Sheet". Interactive Brokers Group. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  24. ^ Peterffy, Thomas (May 10, 2014). "Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. CEO Explains the 'Magic' of His Business" (Interview). Interviewed by Bendan Mathews. The Motley Fool. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  25. ^ "Interactive Brokers Group, Inc" (PDF). The Wall Street Transcript. March 28, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  26. ^ a b Carey, Theresa W. (March 7, 2015). "Barron's 2015 Best Online Broker Ranking". Barron's. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  27. ^ O'Shea, Arielle (January 27, 2016). "Interactive Brokers Review". NerdWallet. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  28. ^ Hallam, Andrew (2014). The Global Expatriate's Guide to Investing: From Millionaire Teacher to Millionaire Expat. John Wiley & Sons. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-119-02098-1. OCLC 890011587. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  29. ^ Yap, Alexander; Synn, Wonhi (2009). Evolution of Online Financial Trading Systems: E-Service Innovations in the Brokerage Sector. IGI Global. p. 182. doi:10.4018/978-1-60566-064-6.ch012. ISBN 978-1-60566-642-6. OCLC 904615745. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  30. ^ "Hans R. Stoll". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  31. ^ "Professor Larry Harris". University of Southern California. July 7, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  32. ^ Arnold, Laurence (February 19, 2015). "Ivers W. Riley, Who Helped Introduce Spider ETF, Dies at 82". Bloomberg. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
  33. ^ Patterson, Scott (2013). Dark Pools: The Rise of the Machine Traders and the Rigging of the U.S. Stock Market. Crown Business. pp. 178–81, 260–1, 292–4, 316. ISBN 978-0-307-88718-4. OCLC 849740364. Retrieved June 6, 2016.

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