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User:BefeatheredBiped/Ganoderma applanatum

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Ganoderma applanatum (the artist's bracket, artist's conk, artist's fungus or bear bread) is a bracket fungus with a cosmopolitan distribution.

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This fungus is parasitic and saprophytic,[1] and grows as a mycelium within the wood of living and dead trees. The Ganoderma applanatum grows in single, scattered, or compound formations.[1] It forms fruiting bodies that are 3–30 cm wide × 5–50 cm long × 1–10 cm thick,[2] hard as leather, woody-textured, and inedible.[3] They are white at first but soon turn dark red-brown. The upper surface of the fruiting body is covered with reddish brown conidia. Brown spores are released from the pores on the underside of the fruiting body. The spores are highly concentrated, and as many as 4.65 billion spores can be dispersed from a 10-10cm section of the conk within 24 hours.[4] The tubes are 4–12 mm deep and terminate in pores that are round with 4–6 per millimetre.[2] The fruiting bodies are perennial, and may persist for multiple years, increasing in size and forming new layers of pores as they grow. These layers can be distinguished in a cross section or from observation of the concentric rings on the upper surface of the fruiting body.[5] This allows the fruiting body's age to be determined using the same method as tree rings.


The caps of this fungus are often referred to as shelves. These shelves grow parallel to the earth, no matter to original orientation of the G. applanatum.[5]

A peculiarity of this fungus lies in its use as a drawing medium for artists.[6] When the fresh white pore surface is rubbed or scratched with a sharp implement, dark brown tissue under the pores is revealed, resulting in visible lines and shading that become permanent once the fungus is dried. This practice is what gives the Ganoderma applanatum it's common name.[4][7]


G. applanatum is a medicinal farming crop that is used as a flavor enhancer in Asian cuisine. G. applanatum is non-digestible in its raw form,[1] but is considered edible when cooked. Hot herbal soups, or fermentation in lemon acid with onion is a common use for cooking with G. applanatum slices as an umami flavor enhancer in fermented foods. G. applanatum can also be used in tea.

The similar Ganoderma brownii has thicker, darker flesh, often a yellow pore surface, and larger spores than G. applanatum.[8] G. oregonense, G. lucidum,[1] and Fomitopsis pinicola are also similar.[9]


Ganoderma applanatum is a wood-decay fungus, causing a rot of heartwood in a variety of trees. It can also grow as a pathogen of live sapwood, particularly on older trees that are sufficiently wet. It is a common cause of decay and death of beech and poplar, and less often of several other tree genera, including alder, apple, elm, buckeye and horse chestnut, maple, oak, live oak, walnut, willow, western hemlock, Douglas fir, old or sick olive tree, and spruce. G. applanatum grows more often on dead trees than living ones.[7]

There is anecdotal references of higher primates consuming this fungus for self-medication.[10][1]


Medicinal

Medicinal use of Ganoderma Applanatum has been extensive throughout thousands of years.[11] In Chinese medicine this fungus has been used to treat rheumatic tuberculosis and esophageal carcinoma. It has also been used more commonly to resolve indigestion, relieve pain and reduce phlegm.[12] Further studies have shown that It's medicinal qualities also include anti-tumor, anti-oxidation and as a regulator for body immunity.[11]

Ganoderma Applanatum is generally studied from three angles: medicinal, phytopathological, and biotechnological.[13] Medicinal fungi such as G. applanatum are of special interest due to their antibiotic properities. Methanol extratcs from G. applanatum have shown that the fatty acids present, such as palmitic acid, show antibacterial properties.[14] Compared to synthetic antibiotics these compunds extracted from G. applanatum lack problems of drug resistance and side effects.[14]


Amadou

Ganoderma Applanatum has been used to produce amadou, even though Fomes fomentarius is most commonly associated with the production of amadou.[15] Amadou is a leathery, easily flammable material that is produced from different polypores, but can also be consist of similar material.[16] Abadou generally has three areas of use: fire making, medicinal[17], and clothing[18][16], however, it is mostly associated with fire making.[19][20]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Goldman, Gary B. (2019). Field guide to mushrooms & other fungi in South Africa. Marieka Gryzenhout. Cape Town, South Africa. ISBN 978-1-77584-654-3. OCLC 1117322804.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ a b Ginns, James (2017). Polypores of British Columbia (Fungi: Basidiomycota). Victoria, BC: Province of British Columbia - Forests, Lands, and NR Operations. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-7726-7053-3.
  3. ^ Meuninck, Jim (2017). Foraging Mushrooms Oregon: Finding, Identifying, and Preparing Edible Wild Mushrooms. Falcon Guides. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-4930-2669-2.
  4. ^ a b https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5320331.pdf
  5. ^ a b Atkinson, George Francis (1901). Studies of American fungi. Mushrooms, edible, poisonous, etc. Ithaca, N.Y.,: Andrus & Church,.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  6. ^ "Ganoderma applanatum: The Artist's Conk | The Fungal Kingdom". web.archive.org. 2015-01-12. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
  7. ^ a b Biek, David (1984). The mushrooms of northern California (1st ed ed.). Redding, Calif.: Spore Prints. ISBN 0-9612020-0-9. OCLC 10870632. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  8. ^ Ginns, James (2017). Polypores of British Columbia (Fungi: Basidiomycota). Victoria, BC: Province of British Columbia - Forests, Lands, and NR Operations. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-7726-7053-3.
  9. ^ Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 348. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
  10. ^ COUSINS, Don; HUFFMAN, Michael A. (June 2002). "MEDICINAL PROPERTIES IN THE DIET OF GORILLAS" (PDF). African Study Monographs. 23 (2): 71. doi:10.14989/68214.
  11. ^ a b Elkhateeb, Waill A.; Zaghlol, Gihan M.; El-Garawani, Islam M.; Ahmed, Eman F.; Rateb, Mostafa E.; Abdel Moneim, Ahmed E. (2018-05-01). "Ganoderma applanatum secondary metabolites induced apoptosis through different pathways: In vivo and in vitro anticancer studies". Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 101: 264–277. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.058. ISSN 0753-3322.
  12. ^ "Shibboleth Authentication Request". login.ludwig.lub.lu.se. doi:10.1159/000094866. Retrieved 2021-11-08.
  13. ^ Ćilerdžić, Jasmina; Stajić, Mirjana; Vukojević, Jelena (2016-10-01). "Degradation of wheat straw and oak sawdust by Ganoderma applanatum". International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 114: 39–44. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.05.024. ISSN 0964-8305.
  14. ^ a b Moradali M, -F, Mostafavi H, Hejaroude G, -A, Tehrani A, S, Abbasi M, Ghods S: Investigation of Potential Antibacterial Properties of Methanol Extracts from Fungus <i>Ganoderma applanatum</i>. Chemotherapy 2006;52:241-244. doi: 10.1159/000094866
  15. ^ Sundström, Lisa. "Fnöske - Naturhistoriska riksmuseet". www.nrm.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2021-11-08.
  16. ^ a b "fnöske | SAOB" (in Swedish). Retrieved 2021-11-08.
  17. ^ Molitoris, H. P. (1994-04-01). "Mushrooms in medicine". Folia Microbiologica. 39 (2): 91. doi:10.1007/BF02906801. ISSN 1874-9356.
  18. ^ Sundström, Lisa. "Fnösktickan, Fomes fomentarius, och dess användningsområden". www.nrm.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2021-11-08.
  19. ^ "Göra eld med fnöske" (PDF). Nationellt resurscentrum för biologi och bioteknik. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  20. ^ Nationalencyklopedin 1991 (in Swedish). 1991. p. 450.
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