User:Buckshot06/Sandbox Structure of the Soviet Ground Forces
Listing of naval units, U.S./Coalition forces, Gulf War, January - February 1991
[edit]This is the order of battle for the naval campaign in the Gulf War between United States and Coalition Forces between 17 January 1991 – 28 February 1991.
- United States Naval Forces Central Command (NAVCENT) [1][2]
Middle East Force/forces in Persian Gulf
- Command ships: USS La Salle (AGF-3) and USS Blue Ridge (LCC-19)
- Missouri-class battleships: USS Missouri (BB-63) and USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
- Belknap-class cruisers: USS England (CG-22) and USS Horne (CG-30)
- USS David R. Ray (DD-971)
- Oliver Hazard Perry-class guided missile frigates: USS Reid (FFG-30), USS Jarrett (FFG-33), USS Rentz (FFG-46), USS Vandegrift (FFG-48), USS Robert G. Bradley (FFG-49), and USS Taylor (FFG-50)
- USS Barbey (FF-1088)
- USS Avenger (MCM-1)
- USS Impervious (AM-449)
- Acme class minesweepers: USS Adroit (MSO-509) and USS Leader (MSO-490)
- USS Sacramento (AOE-1)
United States Submarine Forces (in the Red Sea)[3]
Task Force 156, Amphibious Force(Pokrant 1999 for title)
- Tarawa-class amphibious assault ships: USS Tarawa (LHA-1) – flagship, USS Nassau (LHA-4)[4]
United States Amphibious Group Alpha (Amphibious Squadron 5)
- Headquarters, Battalion Landing Team 1st Battalion, 4th Marines
- Marine Composite Helicopter Squadron 164
- Service Support Group 13
- USS Okinawa (LPH-3)
- USS Ogden (LPD-5)
- USS Fort McHenry (LSD-43)
- USS Cayuga (LST-1186)
- USS Durham (LKA-114)
- 13th Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable)[5]
- Ground Element
- 1st Battalion, 4th Marines
- 3 Platoon, A Company, 1st Reconnaissance Battalion
- Detachment 13, 1st Light Armored Infantry Battalion
- 1 Platoon, A Company, 3rd Assault Amphibian Battalion
- B Battery, 1st Battalion, 11th Marines
- 1 Platoon, A Company, 1st Combat Engineer Battalion
- Aviation Element (4 x Bell UH-1N Twin Huey) – all below have detachments from those units listed
- Marine Corps Air Station Tustin Contingent, Marine Aircraft Group 16
- Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 164 (12 x Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight)
- Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron 466 (4 x Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion)
- Marine Aviation Logistics Squadron 16
- Marine Wing Support Squadron 374
- Marine Air Traffic Control Squadron 38
- Camp Pendleton Contingent, Marine Aircraft Group 39
- Marine Light Attack Squadron 267 (4 x Bell AH-1 SuperCobra)
- Marine Air Support Squadron 3
- Marine Air Control Squadron 1
- 3rd Low Altitude Air Defence Battalion (5 x FIM-92 Stinger surface-to-air missiles)
- Marine Corps Air Station Tustin Contingent, Marine Aircraft Group 16
- Service Support Group 13 – all below have detachments from those units listed
- Ground Element
United States Amphibious Group Bravo
- 4th Marine Expeditionary Brigade (4th MEB)[6]
- Communications Section
- Detachment, 2nd Radio Battalion
- Team detachments from the Marine All-source Fusion Center
- 5th Counterintelligence Team
- Detachment, 2nd Intelligence Company
- 2nd Force Imagery Interpretation Unit
- Detachment, 2nd Force Reconnaissance Company
- 2nd Remotely Piloted Vehicle Company
- 2nd Topographic Platoon
- Regimental Landing Team 2
- Headquarters Company
- A Company, 2nd Reconnaissance Battalion
- Companies B & D, 2nd Light Armored Infantry Battalion
- A Company, 2nd Tank Battalion (22 x M60 main battle tanks)
- 1st Battalion, 2nd Marines
- 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marines
- 1st Battalion, 10th Marines (reinforced) (18 x M198 155mm howitzers)
- A Company, 2nd Assault Amphibian Battalion
- A Company, 2nd Combat Engineer Battalion
- Truck Company Detachment, Headquarters Battalion, 2nd Marine Division
- Brigade Service Support Group 4
- Headquarters Battalion, 2nd Force Service Support Group
- 8th Communications Battalion
- 8th Engineer Support Battalion
- 8th Motor Transport Battalion
- 2nd Landing Support Battalion
- 2nd Supply Battalion
- 2nd Maintenance Battalion
- 2nd Medical Battalion
- 2nd Dental Battalion
- 2nd Military Police Company
- Marine Aircraft Group 40
- Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron 28
- Marine Air Control Squadron 6
- Marine Wing Communications Squadron 28
- Marine Attack Squadron 331 (20 x McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II) – embarked on the USS Nassau
- Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadron 269 (15 x Bell AH-1 SuperCobra and 6 x Bell UH-1N Twin Huey)
- Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 263 (12 x Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight)
- Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 365 (12 x Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight)
- Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron 461 (16 x Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion)
- A Battery, 2nd Low Altitude Air Defence Battalion
- Marine Aviation Logistics Squadron 14
- Marine Wing Service Support Squadron 274
- Detachment B, Marine Air Support Squadron 1
- Communications Section
Amphibious Ready Group 3
5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade, commanded by Major General Peter J. Rowe (reporting directly to HQ, NAVCENT)[7] – contained the highest percentage of reserve units (except the 24th Marines)[8] – ground later detached to 2nd Marine Expeditionary Force (afloat)[Note 1][9]
- 4th Marine Expeditionary Brigade (4th MEB)[6]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/F-18A_VFA-87_dropping_boms_during_1991_Gulf_War.jpg/220px-F-18A_VFA-87_dropping_boms_during_1991_Gulf_War.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/USS_John_F._Kennedy_%28CV-67%29_and_USS_Saratoga_%28CV-60%29_underway_c1991.jpg/262px-USS_John_F._Kennedy_%28CV-67%29_and_USS_Saratoga_%28CV-60%29_underway_c1991.jpg)
Task Force 155, Battle Force Yankee
[edit]Battle Force Yankee included two carriers, including Saratoga, in the Red Sea under Rear Admiral Riley Mixson, Commander, Carrier Group Two/Task Force 155).[10]
Battle Force Yankee[11]
Kennedy Battle Group (Task Group 155.?)
- USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)
- Ticonderoga-class guided missile cruisers: USS Thomas S. Gates (CG-51) and USS San Jacinto (CG-56)
- USS Mississippi (CGN-40)
- USS Moosbrugger (DD-980)
- USS Samuel B. Roberts (FFG-58)
- USS Seattle (AOE-3)
- USS Sylvania (AFS-2)
Carrier Air Wing 3[11]
- Strike Fighter Squadron 14 (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
- Strike Fighter Squadron 32 (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
- Attack Squadron 46 (LTV A-7 Corsair II)
- Attack Squadron 72 (LTV A-7 Corsair II)
- Attack Squadron 75 (Grumman A-6 Intruder)
- Electronic Warfare Squadron 130 (Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler)
- Anti-Submarine Squadron 22 (Lockheed S-3 Viking)
- Early Warning Squadron 126 (Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye)
- Helicopter Anti-Submarine Warfare Squadron 7 (Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King)
Cruiser-Destroyer Group 8/Task Group 155.?
- USS Saratoga (CV-60) – flagship
- USS Biddle (CG-34)
- USS Philippine Sea (CG-58)
- USS Spruance (DD-963)
- USS Sampson (DDG-10)
- Knox-class frigates: USS Elmer Montgomery (FF-1082) and USS Thomas C. Hart (FF-1092)
Carrier Air Wing 17[Note 2][12][13]
- Strike Fighter Squadron 74 (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
- Strike Fighter Squadron 81 (McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet)
- Strike Fighter Squadron 83 (McDonnel Douglas F/A-18 Hornet)
- Strike Fighter Squadron 103 (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
- Electronic Attack Squadron 35 (Grumman A-6/KA-6D Intruder)
- Electronic Warfare Squadron 132 (Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler)
- Anti-Submarine Squadron 30 (Lockheed S-3 Viking)
- Airborne Early Warning Squadron 125 (Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye)
- Helicopter Anti-Submarine Warfare Squadron 3 (Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King)
![Aircraft Carriers USS Theodore Roosevelt (top right), Midway (top left), Ranger (bottom left) and America (bottom right), as part of Battle Force Zulu in the Persian Gulf. Midway was the flagship of Battle Force Zulu.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/US_Navy_Battle_Force_Zulu_carriers_overhead_view_in_1991.jpg/353px-US_Navy_Battle_Force_Zulu_carriers_overhead_view_in_1991.jpg)
![Two F/A-18As from VFA-87 about to refuel from an A-6E from VA-36 during Desert Storm in 1991.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/F-18As_VFA-87_with_A-6E_during_1991_Gulf_War.jpg/342px-F-18As_VFA-87_with_A-6E_during_1991_Gulf_War.jpg)
Battle Force Zulu / TF 154 / Arabian Gulf Battle Force
[edit]![Aircraft Carriers USS Theodore Roosevelt (top right), Midway (top left), Ranger (bottom left) and America (bottom right), as part of Battle Force Zulu in the Persian Gulf. Midway was the flagship of Battle Force Zulu.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/US_Navy_Battle_Force_Zulu_1991_-_DN-ST-91-07575.jpg/353px-US_Navy_Battle_Force_Zulu_1991_-_DN-ST-91-07575.jpg)
- Cruiser-Destroyer Group 2 / USS America (CV-66) Battle Group
- Carrier Group Midway
- USS Midway (CV-41) – Flagship of Battle Force Zulu
- Ticonderoga-class cruisers: USS Bunker Hill (CG-52) and USS Mobile Bay (CG-53)
- Spruance-class destroyers: USS Hewitt (DD-966) and USS Oldendorf (DD-972)
- Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates: USS Curts (FFG-38) and USS Rodney M. Davis (FFG-60)
- Carrier Air Wing 5[14]
- Strike Fighter Squadron 151 (McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet)
- Strike Fighter Squadron 192 (McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet)
- Strike Fighter Squadron 195 (McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet)
- Attack Squadron 115 (Grumman A-6 Intruder)
- Attack Squadron 185 (Grumman A-6 Intruder)
- Electronic Attack Squadron 136 (Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler)
- Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 115 (Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye)
- Helicopter Anti-Submarine Warfare Squadron 12 (Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King)
- Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron 77 (Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk) – Detachment A till February 10, then Detachment B from then, on-board USS Bunker Hill
- United States Carrier Group Ranger[1]
- USS Ranger (CV-61)
- Ticonderoga-class guided missile cruisers: USS Valley Forge (CG-50) and USS Princeton (CG-59)
- Spruance-class destroyers: USS Paul F. Foster (DD-964) and USS Harry W. Hill (DD-986)
- USS Francis Hammond (DE-1067)
- USS Kansas City (AOR-3)
- USS Shasta (AE-33)
- Carrier Air Wing 2[15] – in 'Gruman Air Wing' format
- Strike Fighter Squadron 1 (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
- Strike Fighter Squadron 2 (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
- Attack Squadron 145 (Grumman A-6 Intruder)
- Attack Squadron 155 (Grumman A-6 Intruder)
- Electronic Warfare Squadron 131 (Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler)
- Anti-Submarine Squadron 38 (Lockheed S-3 Viking)
- Early Warning Squadron 116 (Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye)
- Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron 14 (Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King)
- Detachment 61, Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 30 (Grumman C-2 Greyhound)
- Detachment, Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 50 (Grumman C-2 Greyhound)
United States Carrier Group Roosevelt[1] – in the Persian Gulf (later Red Sea)[16]
- USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71)
- USS Leyte Gulf (CG-55)
- USS Richmond K. Turner (CG-20)
- USS Caron (DD-970)
- USS Vreeland (DE-1068)
- USS Hawes (FFG-53)
- USS San Diego (AFS-6)
- USS Platte (AO-186)
- USS Nitro (AE-23)
Carrier Air Wing 8[17]
- Strike Fighter Squadron 14 (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
- Strike Fighter Squadron 15 (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
- Strike Fighter Squadron 84 (McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet)
- Strike Fighter Squadron 87 (McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet)
- Attack Squadron 36 (Grumman A-6 Intruder)
- Attack Squadron 65 (Grumman A-6 Intruder)
- Electronic Warfare Squadron 141 (Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler)
- Anti-Submarine Squadron 24 (Lockheed S-3 Viking)
- Airborne Early Warning Squadron 124 (Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye)
- Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron 9 (Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King)
- Detachment D, Fleet Logistics Squadron 40 (Grumman C-2 Greyhound)
- Carrier Group Midway
Naval Forces Central Command (*master*)
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SacUnrep.jpg/220px-SacUnrep.jpg)
Naval Forces Central Command reported to United States Central Command.
After arrival in-theatre in late 1990, Admiral Mauz "retained the Middle East Force, designated CTG 150.1 [Commander Task Group 150.1], for most warfighting functions inside the Persian Gulf. Under this hat, Rear Admiral [William M. "Bill"] Fogarty would control only the half-dozen ships or so of the Middle East Force, augmented by the battleship Wisconsin when it arrived. Under a second hat, CTG 150.2, Fogarty would be the commander of the U.S. Maritime Interception Force. For this job, his authority would extend outside the Persian Gulf to ships operating in the North Arabian Sea and Red Sea, but only for interception operations."[18] The CVBGs in the North Arabian Sea and Red Sea were designated Task Groups 150.4 and 150.5 respectively; the Amphibious and Landing Forces were CTG 150.6 and CTG 150.8 (Major General Jenkins). Rear Admiral Stephen S. Clarey was Commander U.S. Maritime Prepositioning Force, Task Group 150.7, which was disestablished on 12 September 1990.[19][20]
USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69) transited from the Mediterranean/Suez Canal into the Red Sea on 8 August 1990 with USS Ticonderoga, USS John L. Hall, USS Suribachi (AE-21) and USNS Neosho (T-AO-143), the last two underway replenishment ships (CH-90, pp13-14).[21] On 23-24 August, the Red Sea Battle Group was turned over to the USS Saratoga group, and 'Eisenhower' and 'Ticonderoga' left Sixth Fleet on 3 September.
From 1 January 1991, the six carriers deployed were divided into Battle Force Yankee (two carriers, including Saratoga, in the Red Sea under Rear Admiral Riley Mixson, Commander, Carrier Group Two/Task Force 155) and Task Force 154, Battle Force Zulu (four carriers in the Arabian Sea/Persian Gulf under Rear Admiral Daniel P. March, Commander, Carrier Group Five). TF 150 was Vice Admiral Henry H. Mauz, Jr. himself, TF 151 the Middle East Force, now including USS Bunker Hill, TG 150.3 Naval Logistics Support Force (Rear Admiral Bob Sutton), and TF 156 the amphibious force.[22] Conduct of the Persian Gulf War Fig VII-3, lists the PG, Red Sea, and Middle East Forces; the Amphibious Force, the Logistics Support Force, at some points, the Mediterranean Strike Group, and NAVCENT Rep Riyadh.
On 15 February, France placed one frigate, Jean de Vienne (D-643),[23] under U.S. operational control to escort Coalition combat logistics ships, but it was not authorised to take part in offensive operations.[24]
- Commander, Naval Forces Central Command: Vice Admiral Henry H. Mauz, CTF 150, USS Blue Ridge (LCC-19)
Middle East Force, Task Force 150.1, Rear Admiral William M. Fogarty
[edit]- Iowa-class battleships: USS Missouri (BB-63) and USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
- Belknap-class cruisers: USS England (CG-22) and USS Horne (CG-30)
- USS David R. Ray (DD-971)
- Oliver Hazard Perry-class guided missile frigates: USS Reid (FFG-30), USS Jarrett (FFG-33), USS Rentz (FFG-46), USS Vandegrift (FFG-48), USS Robert G. Bradley (FFG-49), and USS Taylor (FFG-50)
- USS Barbey (FF-1088)
- USS Avenger (MCM-1)
- USS Impervious (AM-449)
- Acme class minesweepers: USS Adroit (MSO-509) and USS Leader (MSO-490)
- USS Sacramento (AOE-1)
- On 16 January 1991, USNS Comfort (T-AH-20) and USNS Mercy (T-AH-19) were within the Persian Gulf.[26] Their exact task force assignment is not clear from Pokrant 1999.
- (Australian) Task Group Medical Support Element 2 (onboard USNS Comfort)
- Commander U.S. Maritime Interception Force, CTF 152, Rear Admiral Fogarty, La Salle[27]
- Netherlands, Danish, Norwegian, Spanish, Belgian, Italy, Argentine, Greek MIF tasking/ships
- U.S., UK, Australian, Canadian (CTG 302.2), French MIF tasking/ships
Task Force 156, Amphibious Force
[edit]- Tarawa-class amphibious assault ships: USS Tarawa (LHA-1) – flagship, USS Nassau (LHA-4)[28]
- United States Persian Gulf Amphibious Group[1]
- United States Amphibious Group Alpha (Amphibious Squadron 5)
- Headquarters, Battalion Landing Team 1st Battalion, 4th Marines
- Marine Composite Helicopter Squadron 164
- Service Support Group 13
- USS Okinawa (LPH-3)
- USS Ogden (LPD-5)
- USS Fort McHenry (LSD-43)
- USS Cayuga (LST-1186)
- USS Durham (LKA-114)
- 13th Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable)[29]
- Ground Element
- 1st Battalion, 4th Marines
- 3 Platoon, A Company, 1st Reconnaissance Battalion
- Detachment 13, 1st Light Armored Infantry Battalion
- 1 Platoon, A Company, 3rd Assault Amphibian Battalion
- B Battery, 1st Battalion, 11th Marines
- 1 Platoon, A Company, 1st Combat Engineer Battalion
- Aviation Element (4 x Bell UH-1N Twin Huey) – all below have detachments from those units listed
- Marine Corps Air Station Tustin Contingent, Marine Aircraft Group 16
- Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 164 (12 x Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight)
- Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron 466 (4 x Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion)
- Marine Aviation Logistics Squadron 16
- Marine Wing Support Squadron 374
- Marine Air Traffic Control Squadron 38
- Camp Pendleton Contingent, Marine Aircraft Group 39
- Marine Light Attack Squadron 267 (4 x Bell AH-1 SuperCobra)
- Marine Air Support Squadron 3
- Marine Air Control Squadron 1
- 3rd Low Altitude Air Defence Battalion (5 x FIM-92 Stinger surface-to-air missiles)
- Marine Corps Air Station Tustin Contingent, Marine Aircraft Group 16
- Service Support Group 13 – all below have detachments from those units listed
- Ground Element
United States Amphibious Group Bravo
- 4th Marine Expeditionary Brigade (4th MEB)[30]
- Communications Section
- Detachment, 2nd Radio Battalion
- Team detachments from the Marine All-source Fusion Center
- 5th Counterintelligence Team
- Detachment, 2nd Intelligence Company
- 2nd Force Imagery Interpretation Unit
- Detachment, 2nd Force Reconnaissance Company
- 2nd Remotely Piloted Vehicle Company
- 2nd Topographic Platoon
- Regimental Landing Team 2
- Headquarters Company
- A Company, 2nd Reconnaissance Battalion
- Companies B & D, 2nd Light Armored Infantry Battalion
- A Company, 2nd Tank Battalion (22 x M60 main battle tanks)
- 1st Battalion, 2nd Marines
- 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marines
- 1st Battalion, 10th Marines (reinforced) (18 x M198 155mm howitzers)
- A Company, 2nd Assault Amphibian Battalion
- A Company, 2nd Combat Engineer Battalion
- Truck Company Detachment, Headquarters Battalion, 2nd Marine Division
- Brigade Service Support Group 4
- Headquarters Battalion, 2nd Force Service Support Group
- 8th Communications Battalion
- 8th Engineer Support Battalion
- 8th Motor Transport Battalion
- 2nd Landing Support Battalion
- 2nd Supply Battalion
- 2nd Maintenance Battalion
- 2nd Medical Battalion
- 2nd Dental Battalion
- 2nd Military Police Company
- Marine Aircraft Group 40
- Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron 28
- Marine Air Control Squadron 6
- Marine Wing Communications Squadron 28
- Marine Attack Squadron 331 (20 x McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II) – embarked on the USS Nassau
- Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadron 269 (15 x Bell AH-1 SuperCobra and 6 x Bell UH-1N Twin Huey)
- Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 263 (12 x Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight)
- Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 365 (12 x Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight)
- Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron 461 (16 x Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion)
- A Battery, 2nd Low Altitude Air Defence Battalion
- Marine Aviation Logistics Squadron 14
- Marine Wing Service Support Squadron 274
- Detachment B, Marine Air Support Squadron 1
- Communications Section
Amphibious Ready Group 3
5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade, commanded by Major General Peter J. Rowe (reporting directly to HQ, NAVCENT)[31] – contained the highest percentage of reserve units (except the 24th Marines)[32] – ground later detached to 2nd Marine Expeditionary Force (afloat)[33]
- 4th Marine Expeditionary Brigade (4th MEB)[30]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/F-18A_VFA-87_dropping_boms_during_1991_Gulf_War.jpg/220px-F-18A_VFA-87_dropping_boms_during_1991_Gulf_War.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/USS_John_F._Kennedy_%28CV-67%29_and_USS_Saratoga_%28CV-60%29_underway_c1991.jpg/262px-USS_John_F._Kennedy_%28CV-67%29_and_USS_Saratoga_%28CV-60%29_underway_c1991.jpg)
Task Force 155, Battle Force Yankee
[edit]Battle Force Yankee included two carriers, including Saratoga, in the Red Sea under Rear Admiral Riley Mixson, Commander, Carrier Group Two/Task Force 155).[34]
United States Submarine Forces (in the Red Sea)[35]
Battle Force Yankee[11]
Kennedy Battle Group (Task Group 155.?)
- USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)
- Ticonderoga-class guided missile cruisers: USS Thomas S. Gates (CG-51) and USS San Jacinto (CG-56)
- USS Mississippi (CGN-40)
- USS Moosbrugger (DD-980)
- USS Samuel B. Roberts (FFG-58)
- USS Seattle (AOE-3)
- USS Sylvania (AFS-2)
Carrier Air Wing 3[11]
- Strike Fighter Squadron 14 (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
- Strike Fighter Squadron 32 (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
- Attack Squadron 46 (LTV A-7 Corsair II)
- Attack Squadron 72 (LTV A-7 Corsair II)
- Attack Squadron 75 (Grumman A-6 Intruder)
- Electronic Warfare Squadron 130 (Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler)
- Anti-Submarine Squadron 22 (Lockheed S-3 Viking)
- Early Warning Squadron 126 (Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye)
- Helicopter Anti-Submarine Warfare Squadron 7 (Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King)
Cruiser-Destroyer Group 8/Task Group 155.?
- USS Saratoga (CV-60) – flagship
- USS Biddle (CG-34)
- USS Philippine Sea (CG-58)
- USS Spruance (DD-963)
- USS Sampson (DDG-10)
- Knox-class frigates: USS Elmer Montgomery (FF-1082) and USS Thomas C. Hart (FF-1092)
Carrier Air Wing 17[Note 3][36][37]
- Strike Fighter Squadron 74 (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
- Strike Fighter Squadron 81 (McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet)
- Strike Fighter Squadron 83 (McDonnel Douglas F/A-18 Hornet)
- Strike Fighter Squadron 103 (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
- Electronic Attack Squadron 35 (Grumman A-6/KA-6D Intruder)
- Electronic Warfare Squadron 132 (Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler)
- Anti-Submarine Squadron 30 (Lockheed S-3 Viking)
- Airborne Early Warning Squadron 125 (Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye)
- Helicopter Anti-Submarine Warfare Squadron 3 (Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King)
![Two F/A-18As from VFA-87 about to refuel from an A-6E from VA-36 during Desert Storm in 1991.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/F-18As_VFA-87_with_A-6E_during_1991_Gulf_War.jpg/342px-F-18As_VFA-87_with_A-6E_during_1991_Gulf_War.jpg)
Task Force 154, Battle Force Zulu
[edit]![Aircraft Carriers USS Theodore Roosevelt (top right), Midway (top left), Ranger (bottom left) and America (bottom right), as part of Battle Force Zulu in the Persian Gulf. Midway was the flagship of Battle Force Zulu.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/US_Navy_Battle_Force_Zulu_1991_-_DN-ST-91-07575.jpg/353px-US_Navy_Battle_Force_Zulu_1991_-_DN-ST-91-07575.jpg)
- Battle Force Zulu
- Cruiser-Destroyer Group 2[1][38] – in the Red Sea (later Persian Gulf)[39]
- United States Carrier Group Midway
- USS Midway (CV-41) – Flagship of Battle Force Zulu
- Ticonderoga-class cruisers: USS Bunker Hill (CG-52) and USS Mobile Bay (CG-53)
- Spruance-class destroyers: USS Hewitt (DD-966) and USS Oldendorf (DD-972)
- Oliver Hazard Perry-class guided missile frigates: USS Curts (FFG-38) and USS Rodney M. Davis (FFG-60)
- Carrier Air Wing 5[40]
- Strike Fighter Squadron 151 (VFA-151) (McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet)
- Strike Fighter Squadron 192 (McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet)
- Strike Fighter Squadron 195 (McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet)
- Attack Squadron 115 (Grumman A-6 Intruder)
- Attack Squadron 185 (Grumman A-6 Intruder)
- Electronic Attack Squadron 136 (Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler)
- Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 115 (Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye)
- Helicopter Anti-Submarine Warfare Squadron 12 (Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King)
- Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron 77 (Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk) – Detachment A till February 10, then Detachment B from then, on-board USS Bunker Hill
United States Carrier Group Ranger[1]
- USS Ranger (CV-61)
- Ticonderoga-class guided missile cruisers: USS Valley Forge (CG-50) and USS Princeton (CG-59)
- Spruance-class destroyers: USS Paul F. Foster (DD-964) and USS Harry W. Hill (DD-986)
- USS Francis Hammond (DE-1067)
- USS Kansas City (AOR-3)
- USS Shasta (AE-33)
- Carrier Air Wing 2[15] – in 'Gruman Air Wing' format
- Strike Fighter Squadron 1 (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
- Strike Fighter Squadron 2 (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
- Attack Squadron 145 (Grumman A-6 Intruder)
- Attack Squadron 155 (Grumman A-6 Intruder)
- Electronic Warfare Squadron 131 (Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler)
- Anti-Submarine Squadron 38 (Lockheed S-3 Viking)
- Early Warning Squadron 116 (Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye)
- Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron 14 (Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King)
- Detachment 61, Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 30 (Grumman C-2 Greyhound)
- Detachment, Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 50 (Grumman C-2 Greyhound)
United States Carrier Group Roosevelt[1] – in the Persian Gulf (later Red Sea)[41]
- USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71)
- USS Leyte Gulf (CG-55)
- USS Richmond K. Turner (CG-20)
- USS Caron (DD-970)
- USS Vreeland (DE-1068)
- USS Hawes (FFG-53)
- USS San Diego (AFS-6)
- USS Platte (AO-186)
- USS Nitro (AE-23)
Carrier Air Wing 8[17]
- Strike Fighter Squadron 14 (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
- Strike Fighter Squadron 15 (Grumman F-14 Tomcat)
- Strike Fighter Squadron 84 (McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet)
- Strike Fighter Squadron 87 (McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet)
- Attack Squadron 36 (Grumman A-6 Intruder)
- Attack Squadron 65 (Grumman A-6 Intruder)
- Electronic Warfare Squadron 141 (Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler)
- Anti-Submarine Squadron 24 (Lockheed S-3 Viking)
- Airborne Early Warning Squadron 124 (Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye)
- Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron 9 (Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King)
- Detachment D, Fleet Logistics Squadron 40 (Grumman C-2 Greyhound)
Coalition Naval Forces
[edit]Task Group 302.2, Royal Canadian Navy[27]
Task Group 627.4, Royal Australian Navy[1][43] (Operation Damask II) – dual role of providing an anti-aircraft screen for the US carrier groups, and intercepting Iraqi motor vessels
- Task Group Medical Support Element 2 (onboard USS Comfort)
- HMAS Brisbane (D-41)[44]
- HMAS Sydney (FFG-03)[44]
- 1 x each of S-70B-2 Seahawk and AS-350BA Squirrel – from No. 723 Squadron, Royal Australian Navy Fleet Air Arm
- HMAS Westralia (O-195)[44]
- Detachment, 111 Light Battery, 16th Air Defence Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery
- HMAS Success (OR-304)[44]
- Logistic Support Element, in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
Royal Navy, east of Suez
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Royal_Navy_Type_22_frigate_underway_in_the_Red_Sea%2C_in_1991.jpg/220px-Royal_Navy_Type_22_frigate_underway_in_the_Red_Sea%2C_in_1991.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Royal_Navy_Westland_Sea_Lynx_HAS.3_aboard_USS_Leftwich_%28DD-984%29_during_the_1991_Gulf_War.jpg/220px-Royal_Navy_Westland_Sea_Lynx_HAS.3_aboard_USS_Leftwich_%28DD-984%29_during_the_1991_Gulf_War.jpg)
During the Gulf Conflict, the Royal Navy "had a pivotal role in joint operations". Westland Lynx helicopters were tasked with finding and destroying Iraqi Navy vessels. A large element of the Royal Navy undertook the coalition's mine hunting in the northern Gulf. In clearing the Gulf of mines, the Royal Navy minehunters enabled the battleships USS Missouri and USS Wisconsin to sail into Kuwaiti waters, from where they would fire their 16-inch guns on Iraqi positions ashore. The Type 42 destroyers provided air defence for these vessels, notably when HMS Gloucester was able to intercept a missile fired at Missouri.[45] In total, the Fleet Air Arm destroy some 15 Iraqi patrol vessels, achieving a 93% hit rate, and accounting for 1/4 of all ships destroyed in the war.[46]
Preliminary command arrangements for the BAe Nimrod detachment to be sent to the Gulf were made on 10 August 1990:
"The Joint Commander of British forces in the Gulf (the AOC-in-C Strike Command) assumed operational command of the Nimrod detachment, while operational control was vested in the Air Commander British Forces Arabian Peninsular. Tactical command of the Nimrod detachment was exercised by the Detachment Commander, who reported to the Air Commander, but it was accepted that tactical control (TACON) might be delegated to the Royal Navy Task Group already deployed in the Gulf, Task Group 321.1 (under the Commander Task Group (CTG 321.1), the Senior Naval Officer Middle East."[47]
It appears that command of Task Force 321 was retained by the Commander-in-Chief Fleet at Northwood Headquarters in the northwest of London. On 29 November 1990 Commodore Chris Craig relieved Commodore Paul Haddocks as Senior Naval Officer Middle East.[48]
- Commander Task Group 321.1/Senior Naval Officer Middle East (Commodore Chris Craig aboard HMS London (F95)[49])
- Naval Party 1036 (Field Hospital Enhancement Party)[50], onboard RFA Argus[51]
- Naval Party 1037 (Forward Diving Team)[50]
- Naval Party 1038 (Electronic Warfare Specialistis)[50]
- Naval Party 1039 (Preparation Sea King Helicopters for Gulf (under Flag Officer Naval Air Command), based at King Abdulaziz International Airport[50]
- Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Cell[52]
- Type 22 'Broadsword'-class anti-submarine frigates: HMS Battleaxe (F89)[53][54][55]
- Leander-class frigate: HMS Jupiter (F60)
- Type 42 'Sheffield'-class destroyers:[56] HMS Exeter (D89), HMS Manchester (D95), HMS Gloucester (D96)[57][52], HMS York (D98)[57] and HMS Cardiff (D108)[45]
- Type 22 'Broadsword'-class anti-submarine frigates: HMS Brazen (F91)[52], HMS Brave (F94), and HMS Brilliant (F90)
- Oberon-class submarines: HMS Otus (S18) and HMS Opossum (S19) – both landed special forces[58]
- Royal Fleet Auxiliary:[57]
- RFA Olna (A123)
- RFA Diligence (A132)
- RFA Argus (A135) – medical reception ship role[51]
- RFA Fort Grange (A385)
- RFA Resource (A480)
- Leaf-class support tankers: RFA Bayleaf (A109) and RFA Orangeleaf (A110)
- Round Table-class landing ship logistics: RFA Sir Tristram (L3505), RFA Sir Bedivere (L3004), RFA Sir Galahad (L3005), and RFA Sir Percivale (L3036)
- Mine Countermeasures ships[54]
- Hecla-class survey vessel: HMS Hecla (A133) and HMS Herald (H138) – squadron flagship(s)
- Hunt-class mine countermeasures vessels: HMS Brecon (M29), HMS Ledbury (M30), HMS Cattistock (M31)[57], HMS Brocklesby (M33), HMS Dulverton (M35), HMS Bicester (M36), HMS Atherstone (M38)[57], and HMS Hurworth (M39)[57]
- Fleet Air Arm[56][59]
- 815 Naval Air Squadron (Westland Lynx HAS.3) – deployed on the destroyers
- 846 Naval Air Squadron (6 x Westland Sea King HC.4) – available for Medevac to RFA Argus if needed[45]
- Several Flights from 829 Naval Air Squadron (30 x Westland Lynx [total for squadron])[60]
- Elements, Special Boat Service, Royal Marines[51][61][62]
- Royal Marines Band Service[51]
Ashore supporting the 1st (UK) Armoured Division was the Support Helicopter Force Middle East, which included a composite Royal Marine Westland Sea King HC.4 made up of six aircraft each from 845 Naval Air Squadron and 848 Naval Air Squadron, totalling 12.[63]
Royal Navy
[edit]- Type 42 'Sheffield'-class destroyers:[56] HMS Exeter (D89), HMS Manchester (D95), HMS Gloucester (D96)[57][52], HMS York (D98)[57] and HMS Cardiff (D108)[64]
- Type 22 'Broadsword'-class anti-submarine frigates: HMS Brazen (F91)[52], HMS Brave (F94), and HMS Brilliant (F90)
- Round Table-class landing ship logistics: RFA Sir Tristram (L3505), RFA Sir Bedivere (L3004), RFA Sir Galahad (L3005), and RFA Sir Percivale (L3036)
- Fleet Air Arm[56][65]
- 815 Naval Air Squadron (Westland Lynx HAS.3) – deployed on the destroyers
- 846 Naval Air Squadron (6 x Westland Sea King HC.4) – available for Medevac to RFA Argus if needed[66]
- Several Flights from 829 Naval Air Squadron (30 x Westland Lynx [total for squadron])[67]
- Sources:[1][54][68][69]
Western European Naval Force
[edit]In September 1990, at one of the early coordinating meetings for the maritime interception operation, French and Italian representatives asked for a separate role for the naval units of the Western European Union (WEU) states. The WEU states were therefore assigned a separate operating area off the United Arab Emirates.[70] The WEU decided to place their ships under the operational command of the French Amiral Ocean Indien (ALINDIEN).[71]
Admiral Indian Ocean (ALINDIEN)
WEU Combined Mine Countermeasures Flotilla
French Element
- Mine Countermeasures Support Vessel: Loire (A615)
- Éridan-class minehunters: L'Aigle (M-647), Orion (M-645), Cassiopée (M-642), Pegase, Pluton, and Sagittaire (M-650)
Belgian Element
- Minehunters: Zinnia (A-961)[72] and Tripartite-class minehunters: Iris (M-920), Myosotis (M-922), and Dianthus (M918) (from 27 February)
Dutch Element
- Minehunters: HMNLS Haarlem, HMNLS Haarlingen, and HMNLS Zierikzee
Portuguese Navy[1]
- Replenishment vessels: NRP São Gabriel and NRP São Miguel – acting as a replenishment vessel for the Royal Navy
French Forces in the Gulf (Les Forces Français dans Le Golfe) (Opération Artimon)[23]
- Frigate, Premier Maître L'Her (F-792)
- Escort Vessel, Doudart de Lagrée (F-728)
- Tanker, Durance (A-629)
Belgian Royal Naval Force (Operation Southern Breeze)[71]
- Frigate, Wielingen (F910)
Royal Navy, Mediterranean
[edit]- Flag Officer, Second Flotilla/CTG 323.2 (Rear Admiral John Brigstocke, Eastern Mediterranean)[73][54]
- Invincible-class aircraft carrier: HMS Ark Royal (R07) – task group flagship
- 800 Naval Air Squadron (Eight British Aerospace Sea Harrier)
- 814 Naval Air Squadron (Westland Sea King)[74]
- 820 Naval Air Squadron (Westland Sea King Mk 6)[75]
- Escorts Sheffield, Charybdis, RFAs Olmeda, Regent[76]
- Invincible-class aircraft carrier: HMS Ark Royal (R07) – task group flagship
Notes
[edit]- ^ This force remained afloat off the Kuwaiti cost throughout most of operation Desert Storm; used primarily as a feint to pin down Iraqi forces along the coast, but the real option of an amphibious assault remained open until the rapid collapse of Iraqi ground forces became clear.
- ^ All U.S. Navy squadrons were assigned to Carrier Air Wing 17 (CVW-17) aboard the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga (CV-60) for a deployment to the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea from 7 August 1990 to 28 March 1991.
- ^ All U.S. Navy squadrons were assigned to Carrier Air Wing 17 (CVW-17) aboard the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga (CV-60) for a deployment to the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea from 7 August 1990 to 28 March 1991.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Order of Battle for CENTCOM Naval Forces". www.tim-thompson.com. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
- ^ "Desert Storm". www.tim-thompson.com. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
- ^ "Gulf War: January 1991." US Navy.
- ^ McMillan, Jon (5 March 2003). "'Harrier Carrier' On Station, Ready for Call to Action". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ^ Brown, pp. 11–12
- ^ Brown, pp. 20–26
- ^ Quilter, p. 10
- ^ Quilter, p. 65
- ^ Quilter, p. 65
- ^ Pokrant 1999.
- ^ a b c d "USS John F. Kennedy (CV 67) Operation Desert Shield / Desert Storm Cruise Book 1990-91 - The Cruise". www.navysite.de. Retrieved 2020-06-11.
- ^ "1990–1999". public1.nhhcaws.local. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ^ "CVW-17(AA)". www.gonavy.jp. Retrieved 2020-06-06.
- ^ "CVW-5(NF)/CV-41". www.gonavy.jp. Retrieved 2020-06-06.
- ^ a b "CVW-2(NE)". www.gonavy.jp. Retrieved 2020-06-06.
- ^ VFA-15 Command History (1991). VFA-15, United States Navy. 1992.
- ^ a b "CVW-8(AJ)". www.gonavy.jp. Retrieved 2020-06-06.
- ^ Pokrant 1999, p. 20.
- ^ Pokrant 1999, p. 21.
- ^ Shield and Sword: The United States Navy and the Persian Gulf War By Edward J. Marolda, Robert John Schneller, p.84.
- ^ "CVN-69 USS Dwight D. Eisenhower". www.historycentral.com. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
- ^ Pokrant 1999.
- ^ a b "La Marine dans la Guerre du Golfe". www.netmarine.net. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ^ Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, 262.
- ^ https://www.usni.org/archives/memoirs/storm-sea-rear-admiral-william-m-fogarty
- ^ Pokrant 1999, p. 3.
- ^ a b Morin & Gimblett 1997, p. 185.
- ^ McMillan, Jon (5 March 2003). "'Harrier Carrier' On Station, Ready for Call to Action". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ^ Brown, pp. 11–12
- ^ Brown, pp. 20–26
- ^ Quilter, p. 10
- ^ Quilter, p. 65
- ^ This force remained afloat off the Kuwaiti cost throughout most of operation Desert Storm; used primarily as a feint to pin down Iraqi forces along the coast, but the real option of an amphibious assault remained open until the rapid collapse of Iraqi ground forces became clear. Quilter, p. 65
- ^ Pokrant 1999.
- ^ "Gulf War: January 1991." US Navy.
- ^ "1990–1999". public1.nhhcaws.local. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ^ "CVW-17(AA)". www.gonavy.jp. Retrieved 2020-06-06.
- ^ https://www.history.navy.mil/research/archives/Collections/command-operations-reports/ships/h/halyburton-ffg-40-i/pdf/1991.pdf
- ^ "USS America (CV 66) Operation Desert Storm Cruise Book 1991 - Operation Desert Storm". www.navysite.de. Retrieved 2020-06-11.
- ^ "CVW-5(NF)/CV-41". www.gonavy.jp. Retrieved 2020-06-06.
- ^ VFA-15 Command History (1991). VFA-15, United States Navy. 1992.
- ^ Canada, Veterans Affairs (2020-02-24). "Gulf War - Canadian Armed Forces - History - Veterans Affairs Canada". www.veterans.gc.ca. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ^ "First Gulf War, 1990–1991 | Australian War Memorial". web.archive.org. 2012-03-31. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ^ a b c d "First Gulf War, 1990–1991 | Australian War Memorial". web.archive.org. 2012-03-31. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ^ a b c Moorhouse, Dan (2021-02-27). "Operation Granby: The 1st Gulf War". Schoolshistory.org.uk. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ^ "Fleet Air Arm History: 1990's" (PDF). Fleet Air Arm Officer's Association. 20 November 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- ^ Review 2016, p. 209.
- ^ Review 2016, p. 18.
- ^ Roberts 1999, p. 211.
- ^ a b c d "Naval Party, Royal Navy, 1942-1991 by Ben Warlow". naval-history.net. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ^ a b c d 'ALL OF A SUDDEN It Became Very Real' - Naval Veteran Recalls First Gulf War, retrieved 2021-06-13
- ^ a b c d e The London Gazette, Supplement to The London Gazette, 29th June 1991: No. 52588. Westminster, London, United Kingdom. Retrieved 13 June 2021
- ^ "RAF - British Forces involved in Operation Granby". web.archive.org. 2018-02-01. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ^ a b c d "Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployment 1947-2013". naval-history.net. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
- ^ "Explainer: The Royal Navy's role in the Persian Gulf". www.naval-technology.com. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ^ a b c d Sturtivant, p. 413
- ^ a b c d e f g h "British Minehunters First To Hit Gulf Waters In Military Buildup With AM-Gulf Rdp, Bjt". AP NEWS. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ^ Richards, Bill; Smith, Peter (December 2006). "Onslow's Jolly Roger". Signals (77). Australian National Maritime Museum: 11. ISSN 1033-4688.
- ^ "Op Granby | Gulf-war | Britain's Small Wars". britains-smallwars.com. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ^ "History : 829 : Naval Air Squadrons : Fleet Air Arm : Operations and Support : Royal Navy". web.archive.org. 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ^ "Royal Marines - Operations | History". www.eliteukforces.info. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ^ Richards, Bill; Smith, Peter (December 2006). "Onslow's Jolly Roger". Signals (77). Australian National Maritime Museum: 11. ISSN 1033-4688.
- ^ Johann Price, British Ground Force in the Gulf War, 1990–91
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:1
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Op Granby | Gulf-war | Britain's Small Wars". britains-smallwars.com. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ^ Moorhouse, Dan (2021-02-27). "Operation Granby: The 1st Gulf War". Schoolshistory.org.uk. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ^ "History : 829 : Naval Air Squadrons : Fleet Air Arm : Operations and Support : Royal Navy". web.archive.org. 2008-10-15. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ^ "RAF - British Forces involved in Operation Granby". web.archive.org. 2018-02-01. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ^ "Explainer: The Royal Navy's role in the Persian Gulf". www.naval-technology.com. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ^ "Shield and Sword," 86-87.
- ^ a b "The Operation Southern Breeze". www.wielingen1991.org. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ^ "ZINNIA mine countermeasures support ship (1967)". www.navypedia.org. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ^ Iain Ballantyre, Strike from the Sea, Pen & Sword, 2004, 101-102.
- ^ "History : 814 : Naval Air Squadrons : Fleet Air Arm : Operations and Support : Royal Navy". web.archive.org. 2008-10-13. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ^ "History : 820 : Naval Air Squadrons : Fleet Air Arm : Operations and Support : Royal Navy". web.archive.org. 2008-10-13. Retrieved 2021-06-13.
- ^ Roberts 2009, p. 211.
References
[edit]- Brown, Lieutenant Colonel Ronald J. (1998). United States Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990–1991 with Marine Forces afloat in Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Washington, District of Columbia: History and Museum Division, Headquarters, United States Marine Corps.
- Dinackus, Thomas D. (2000). Order of Battle: Allied Ground Forces of Operation Desert Storm. Central Point, Oregon: Hellgate Press. ISBN 1-55571-493-5.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Quilter II, Colonel Charles J. (1993). United States Marines in the Persian Gulf, 1990–1991 with the I Marine Expeditionary Force in Desert Shield and Storm. District of Columbia, United States of America: History and Museums Division, Headquarters, United States Marine Corps.
- Operation Friction 1990-1991: The Canadian Forces in the Persian Gulf. Dundurn. 1997. ISBN 9781459713338.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|authors=
ignored (help) - Director Defence Studies RAF (Summer 2016). Air Power Review: First Gulf War 25th Anniversary -Special Edition.
- Pokrant, Marvin (1999). Desert Shield at Sea: What the Navy Really Did: Volume 174 of Contributions in Military Studies. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0313310238. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - John Roberts (April 2009). Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Modern Royal Navy. Seaforth Publishing.
- Robinson, Colin D. (January 2020). "The U.S. Navy's task forces: 1–199". Defence and Security Analysis. 36 (1): 109–110.
Category:Orders of battle Category:Naval units and formations Category:United States Navy in the 20th centuryCategory:20th-century history of the Royal Navy