User:Daask/sandbox/Black Panther Party Liberation Schools
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Black Panther Party Liberation Schools is
Origins and goals
[edit]The Panthers were originally formed out of a study group at Oakland’s Merritt community college. The Panthers’ belief in the need for an education beyond what was being taught in the school system led them to develop a network of liberation schools for youth.[citation needed]
David Hilliard originated the idea of a liberation-focused children's school in 1970 in Oakland. The school opened under the direction by Majeda Smith and a team of Black Panther Party members. The school was initially called the Children's House. It was a boarding school, with dormitories in Oakland and Berkeley.[1]
The Black Panther party critiqued the poor quality of school systems in Black communities.[2]
The schools were part of their survival programs intended to meet community needs[3]
issues in education they sought to resolve were
- the relevance of material to their lives and situation,
- attitude of instructors toward their students
- Unifying students with the community
- availability and affordability of books and supplies
- community control of neighborhood schools[4]
"Ultimately making schools serve and be responsible to the surrounding poor and oppressed communities"[5]
Intercommunal Youth Institute
[edit]The Intercommunal Youth Institute on Oakland, California was intended as a model school.[3] It was active in 1971.[6][1] For more on the Intercommunal Youth Institute, see Hilliard (2008, p. 5-9,11).
GED classes
[edit]collaborated with the Oakland Board of Education to provide GED classes.[7]
Context and criticism
[edit]"Swahili is an interesting language but we are not using it on IBM cards right now. Let's quit kidding white people that we're going to get on a boat and go back to Africa."
— Whitney Young, discussing Malcolm X Liberation University[8]
Future hopes
[edit]"It is anticipated that the Adult Education Program will be extended to include consumer education, home economics, courses for senior citizens, and other courses that Black and poor residents desperately need."[7]
Closure
[edit]The Oakland Community School closed due to lack of funding in 1982. It was the last organized component of the Black Panther Party.[9]
See also
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b Shames 2020.
- ^ West 2008, p. x.
- ^ a b Hilliard 2008, p. 3.
- ^ Hilliard 2008, p. 41f.
- ^ Hilliard 2008, p. 41.
- ^ Shames 2016.
- ^ a b Hilliard 2008, p. 12.
- ^ Belvin 2004, p. 81.
- ^ Delli Carpini 2000, p. 196.
References
[edit]- Belvin, Brent H. (October 6, 2004). Malcolm X Liberation University: An Experiment in Independent Black Education (M.A. thesis). North Carolina State University.
- Delli Carpini, Michael X. (2000). "Black panther party: 1966-1982". In Ness, I.; Ciment, J. (eds.). The encyclopedia of third parties in America. Armonke, NY: Sharpe Reference. pp. 190–197.
- Hilliard, David (2008). The Black Panther Party: Service to the people programs (PDF). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4394-9. OCLC 823938871.
- Shames, Stephen (2016). Power to the people: The world of the Black Panthers. New York: Abrams. ISBN 978-1-4197-2240-0. OCLC 960165174.
- Shames, Stephen (14 April 2020). "The 50th Anniversary of the Black Panthers". ABC News. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- West, Cornel (2008). "Foreword". In Hilliard (ed.). The Black Panther Party: Service to the people programs.
Further reading
[edit]- Perlstein, Daniel (2010), "Black Panther Party Liberation Schools", Encyclopedia of African American Education, Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE, doi:10.4135/9781412971966.n37, ISBN 978-1-4129-4050-4
- "Educate to Liberate: Black Panther Liberation Schools". The Studio Museum in Harlem. 3 December 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- "Black Panthers' Oakland Community School: A Model for Liberation". Black Organizing Project. 3 November 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- "Black Panther school turned kids from "ghetto" into scholars". East Bay Times. 6 October 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- Wong, Casey (2012). The Pedagogy and Educationof the Black Panther Party: Confronting theReproduction of Social and Cultural Inequality (PDF) (Thesis). New York University.
- Huggins, Ericka. "The Liberation Schools, The Children's House, The Intercommunal Youth Institute And the Oakland Community School". BlackCommentator.com. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- Peltzman, Shira, ed. (28 October 1974). Intercommunal Youth Institute (archival newsfilm). KPIX-TV.
- "Survival Programs - Index". It's About Time. 15 March 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- "Intercommunal Youth Institute". DIVA. 20 February 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- Chalasani, Radhika (14 October 2016). "Inside the Black Panther Party". Pictures. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- "Resurrecting the Radical Pedagogy of the Black Panther Party – AAIHS". AAIHS – African American Intellectual History Society. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- "Seale discusses Panthers' Survival Programs - Bay Area Television Archive". DIVA. 20 February 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- Lockard, Jade; Lewis, Andrea D. (2019). "Intercommunal Youth Institute". Unsung Legacies of Educators and Events in African American Education. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90128-2_21. ISBN 978-3-319-90127-5. S2CID 159388931.
- "Valerie Wilson at the Intercommunal Youth Institute, Oakland, 1971". National Museum of African American History and Culture. 10 April 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- Petrella, Christopher F. (18 July 2017). "Resurrecting the Radical Pedagogy of the Black Panther Party". Black Agenda Report. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- "Oakland Community School - Oakland". LocalWiki. 4 March 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- Black Panther Party. (1995). Liberation Schools. The Black Panthers Speak, edited by Philip S. Foner. New York: Da Capo Press,[1969].
- Huggins, E., & LeBlanc-Ernest, A. D. (2009). Revolutionary women, revolutionary education: The Black Panther Party’s Oakland community school. Want to start a revolution, 161-184.
Category:1966 establishments in California Category:1970 establishments in California Category:1982 disestablishments in California Category:1982 disestablishments in the United States Category:African Americans and education Category:African and Black nationalism in the United States Category:African studies Category:African-American history in Oakland, California Liberation Schools Category:Black Power Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 1982 Category:Educational institutions established in 1970 Category:Far-left politics in the United States Category:Historically black schools Category:History of Oakland, California Category:Pan-Africanism in the United States Category:Politics and race in the United States Category:Politics of Oakland, California Category:Post–civil rights era in African-American history