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History

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Etymology

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The name Jilotepec derives from the náhuatl words jilote (tender or unripe corn) and tepetl (hill), literally "hill of tender corn." The name of one of the Aztec corn goddesses is Xilonen, so some scholars say Jilotepec signifies "hill of the corn goddess. In otomí the region was known as Ma-Denxi.[1]

Prehispanic

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The first group known to have settled in the Jilotepec region were the Otomí people who came from the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. They lived there independently until 1379 when the Aztec tlatoani Acamapichtli conquered the region, bringing it into the Aztec empire. For the next hundred years the history is unclear but it is recorded that they were defeated again during the reign of Axayácatl, the sixth tlatoani of the Aztecs and once more during the reign of Ahuítzotl in 1487 to supply sacrifices for his coronation.[1][2][3]

Colonial

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Being part of the Aztec empire, when Tenochtitlán fell to Hernán Cortés and the Spanish in 1523, it became part of the new colonial empire. Some of the first Europeans to enter the Jilotepec region were the Franciscan monks Friars Alonso de Rangel and Antonio de Ciudad Rodrigo. Alonso de Rangel was one of the first Europeans to learn the otomí language which he used to preach to and convert the local population.[1]

The first encomendero of Jilotepec was the lieutenant of Hernán Cortés, Juan Jaramillo, husband of La Malinche. The encomienda of Jilotepec was one of the best in the new colony and was contested amongst the descendants of Juan Jaramillo until 1604 when the Spanish crown retook possession of it and redistributed it.[1]

Jilotepec was on the frontier of the colony in the 16th century. It was used as a launching point for the conquest of the Bajío region against the Chichameca tribes. Notable native caciques of this period include Nicolás de San Luis Montañez, Juan Bautista Valerio de la Cruz, and Hernando de Tapia, who commanded Otomí armies against the Chichameca tribes in the early days of the conquest of the Bajío.[1]



Geography

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Jilotepec lies in the north of the state of Mexico. To its north is the state of Hidalgo, to the south are the municipalities of Chapa de Mota and Timilpan, to the southeast is Villa del Carbón, to the east is Soyanilquilpan, and to the west are Polotitlán and Aculco.

Political Geography

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There is one city in the municipality of Jilotepec, the municipal head Jilotepec de Molina Enríquez which is divided into six neighborhoods, or colonias: Colonia Centro, Javier Barrios, La Merced, El Deni, La Cruz de Dendho, and Xhisda.

There is only one village, or villa, the Villa de Canalejas

There are 23 towns, or pueblos:[4][5]

Name Population (2010)
Acazuchitlán 3,037
Agua Escondida 2,467
Aldama 2,005
Buenavista 2,151
Calpulalpan 3,800
Coscomate del Progreso 1,547
Dexcaní Alto 1,101
Dexcaní Bajo 1,426
Doxhichó 1,992
El Rosal 1,234
Ejido San Lorenzo Octeyuco 2,659
Las Huertas 3,931
San Lorenzo Nenamicoyan 2,008
San Lorenzo Octeyuco 685
San Martín Tuchicuitlapilco 1,942
San Miguel de la Victoria 3,238
San Pablo Huantepec 3,996
Santiago Oxthoc 1,124
Xhimohay 2,503
Xhixhata 2,195
El Saltillo 765
Las Manzanas 2,803
La Comunidad 2,589

There are 24 small towns, or rancherías:[4][5]

Name Population (2010)
Emiliano Zapata 154
Danxho 1,096
Dedeni Dolores 291
Denjhi 1,238
El Durazno de Cuauhtémoc 1,014
El Durazno de Guerrero 119
El Magueyal 1,236
El Majuay 136
El Rincón 691
El Xhitey 1,189
Ejido de Coscomate 1,452
Ejido de Jilotepec 801
La Huaracha no data
La Maqueda 452
Llano Grande 311
Magueycitos 548
Mataxhi 253
Mexicaltongo no data
Octeyuco 2000 1,158
Ojo de Agua 1,221
San Ignacio de Loyola 118
Santa Martha de la Cruz 250
Tecolapan 928
Teupan 895

Physical Geography

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The primary geographical features of the region are fertile plains interrupted by hills and canyons. The municipality sits at the northern edge of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt physiographic region on the Sierra Nevada mountain range. The municipality is further divided by the subregions of the plains and mountains of Querétaro and Hidalgo to the north, and the lakes and volcanoes of Anáhuac comprising a small part of the municipality to the south.[2][4][6] It is the fifth largest municipality in the state of Mexico.[7]

Geology

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The geological substrate of the municipality is primarily extrusive igneous rock, that is, volcanic in origin. These rocks are notable for the presence of basaltic lava flows, deposits of basaltic ash, slag, and pyroclastic rocks. Many of the older buildings in Jilotepec were build using these basaltic rocks.[5]

The soil is mostly luvisolic, comprises 75% of the municipality's soil, and is particularly suited to agricultural industry though susceptible to erosion. About 15% of the soil is vertisolic and is located in the east of the municipality. This soil is prone to contraction in the dry season and is suited for grasses and grazing.[4]

The primary mineral resource of the region is kaolin, a white clay that is useful in porcelain and medicine making. Other minerals that can be found in the municipality include chalcedony and tezontle.[4]


Hydrology

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Jilotepec is in the Alto Pánuco hydrologic region of the state of Mexico in the San Juan river basin. The most notable river in the municipality is the Coscomate which feeds into the Danxho resevoir and numerous streams such as Los Charcos, El Colorado, Dedeni, La Mina and 40 others. The Huapango resevoir is the municpality's largest at 120 million m3, followed by the Danxho with 31 million m3, and the Santa Elena with 5 million m3. In addition to other smaller streams and resevoirs the municipality is supplied with water by the San Pablo Huantepec spring which flows at 10 L/s.[4][5]

The municipality has a good supply of underground water thanks to the high permeability of the soil in most of the region. The quality of the water is "acceptable" though it is contaminated with waste and untreated water, especially in the municipal head where the Coscomate River and Colorado Stream flow.[5]

Fauna

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Jilotepec has not done an exhaustive survey of the wildlife within its municipal borders but they do have an informal registry of species. There is a diversity of frogs, lizards, and snakes (only three of which are venomous) in Jilotepec. The birds of the region concentrate around the forests and lakes and represent the greatest diversity of wildlife in the municipality. The mammals of the region include common herbivores and carnivores such as weasels, coyotes, squirrels, and possums.[4]

Fish

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Only the charal is common to the region. It is commonly fished for food and typically dried. The charal has a wide tolerance for changes in weather common to the municipality throughout the year. Though it is easily found and commonly consumed, there is no industry actively exploiting the charal population in Jilotepec. Though not native to the region, carp (Cyprinus carpio) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) are commercially farmed, recently being introduced to the Huapango resevoir.[4]

Amphibian Species[4]

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Common Name (English) Common Name (Spanish) Scientific Name Image
Plateau Toad Sapo de la Meseta Anaxyrus compactilis
Canyon Tree Frog Ranita de las Rocas Hyla arenicolor
Ridged Tree Frog Rana de Árbol Plegada Hyla plicata
American Bullfrog Rana Toro Lithobates castesbeianus
Forrer's Grass Frog Rana Pinta Lithobates forreri
Montezuma Leopard Frog Rana Montezuma Lithobates montezumae
Mexican Tiger Salamander Ajolote del Altiplano Ambystoma velasci
Bell's Salamander Tlaconete Pinto Isthmura bellii

Reptile Species[4]

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Common Name (English) Common Name (Spanish) Scientific Name Image
Transvolcanic Alligator Lizard Lagarto Alicante del Popocatépetl Barisia imbricata
Mexican Plateau Horned Lizard Camaleón de Montaña Phrynosoma orbiculare
Mesquite Lizard Lagartija Espinosa del Mezquite Sceloporus grammicus
Eastern Spiny Lizard Lagartija Espinosa Mexicana Sceloporus spinosus
Torquate Lizard Lagartija Espinosa de Collar Sceloporus torquatus
Duges' Spiny Lizard Espinosa de Dugés del Este Sceloporus dugesii
Largenose Earth Snake Culebra Gris Nariz de Pala Conopsis nasus
Mexican Kingsnake Serpiente Real Mexicana Lampropeltis mexicana
Bocourt's Black-headed Snake Culebrita Cabeza Negra de Bocourt Tantilla bocourti
Neotropical Whip Snake Culebra Chirrionera Neotropical Coluber mentovarius
Mexican Bull Snake Alicante Pituophis deppei
Baird's Patchnose Snake Culebra Chata Mexicana Salvadora bairdi
Mexican Garter Snake Culebra de Agua Nómada Mexicana Thamnophis eques
Blackbelly Garter Snake Culebra de Agua de Panza Negra Thamnophis melanogaster
Longtail Alpine Garter Snake Culebra Listonada de Montaña Cola Larga Thamnophis scalaris
Queretaran Dusky Rattlesnake Cascabel Obscura de Querétaro Crotalus aquilus
Western Dusky Rattlesnake Cascabel Transvolcánica Crotalus triseriatus
Black Tailed Rattlesnake Cascabel de Cola Negra Crotalus molossus

Bird Species[4]

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Common Name (English) Common Name (Spanish) Scientific Name Image
Mexican Duck Pato Mexicano Anas platyrhynchos diazi
Northern Bobwhite Cordorniz Cotuí Norteña Colinus virginianus
Pied-billed Grebe Zampullín de Pico Grueso Podilymbus podiceps
Brown Pelican Pelícano Pardo Pelecanus occidentalis
Anhinga Aninga Americana Anhinga anhinga
Western Cattle Egret Garza Ganadera Bubulcus ibis
Turkey Vulture Buitre Pavo Cathartes aura
Cooper's Hawk Gavilán de Cooper Accipiter cooperii
Harris's Hawk Aguilla de Harris Parabuteo unicinctus
American Kestrel Cernícal Americano Falco sparverius
Killdeer Chorlo Gritón Charadrius vociferus
Mexican Dove Tortolita Mexicana Columbina inca
Eastern Whippoorwill Chotacabras Caprimulgus vociferus
Acorn Woodpecker Carpintero Bellotero Melanerpes formicivorus
Broad-tailed Hummingbird Colibrí Coliancho Selasphorus platycerus
Loggerhead Shrike Alcaudón Americano Lanius ludovicianus
Common Raven Cuervo Grande Corvus corax
Barn Swallow Golondrina común Hirundo rustica
Brown-backed Solitaire Clarín Jilguero Myadestes occidentalis
Northern Mockingbird Cenzontle Común Mimus polyglottos
Ocellated Thrasher Cuitlacoche Manchado Toxostoma ocellatum
Common Starling Estornino Pinto Sturnus vulgaris
Clay-colored Sparrow Gorrión Pálido Spizella pallida
House Finch Pinzón Mexicano Carpodacus mexicanus
Black-headed Grosbeak Picogordo Tigrillo Pheucticus melanocephalus
Great-tailed Grackle Zanate Mexicano Quiscalus mexicanus

Mammal Species[4]

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Common Name (English) Common Name (Spanish) Scientific Name Image
Virginia Opossum Tlacuache Didelphis virginiana californica
Nine-banded Armadillo Armadillo de Nueve Bandas Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus
Eastern Cottontail Conejo de Monte Sylvilagus floridanus connectens
Coyote Coyote Canis latrans cagottis
Gray Fox Zorro Gris Urocyon cinereoargenteus nigrirostris
Mexican Bobcat Lince Rojo Lynx rufus escuinapae
Long-tailed Weasel Comadreja de Cola Larga Mustela frenata frenata
American Hog-nosed Skunk Zorrillo Cadeno Conepatus leuconotus leuconotus
Ring-tailed Cat Cacomixtle Norteño Bassariscus astutus astutus
Southern Flying Squirrel Ardilla Voladora Glaucomys volans goldmani
Rock Squirrel Ardillón de Roca Otospermophilus variegatus variegatus
Mexican Gray Squirrel Ardilla Gris Mexicana Sciurus aureogaster nigrescens
Wood mouse Ratón de Campo Apodemus sylvaticus
Ghost-faced Bat Murciélago Rostro de Fantasma Mormoops megalophylla

Flora

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Jilotepec's vegetation is predominantly semiarid grassland. In the north, the oak forests of Las Peñas are the largest in the state of Mexico.[8] Throughout the municipality maguey, nopal, and tejocote are common, as well as many plants used in traditional medicinal recipes. There are two protected areas in Jilotepec: the state park El Llano Canalejas and the municipal park Las Sequoias as well as many smaller local parks and forests.[4]

Climate

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The climate of Jilotepec varies between Cwa and Cwb on the Köppen climate classification, meaning it's in a temperate zone with dry winters and warm to hot summers. The southern portion of the region is noticeably cooler than the northern region which is closer to the warmer region of the Bajío. Likewise, rain is more intense in the south of the state than in the north.

Monthly Climate Data[9]
Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Avg. Temp. (°C) 11.6 13.1 15.4 16.9 17.7 17.1 16.3 16.4 15.7 14.3 13.0 12.1
Avg. High Temp. (°C) 20.0 21.0 23.5 24.3 24.5 22.6 22.0 21.7 21.0 21.0 20.3 20.0
Avg. Low Temp. (°C) 3.2 4.3 6.5 8.0 10.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 10.6 8.5 5.0 3.5
Chance of Rain (%) 5.8 4.7 4.5 11.8 25.5 56.3 67.8 65.3 56.0 28.0 8.7 2.7
Avg. Rainfall (mm) 6.2 7.0 7.0 12.3 34.0 84. 0 104.7 96.3 87.3 41.3 11.3 3.7

Demographics

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In 2010 there were 19,910 dwelling places in Jilotepec. Almost 13% of them didn't have access to a water utility. Nearly 27% didn't have access to a sewer system. 94% of homes had access to electricity. Nearly 32% of houses didn't have a refrigerator, over 57% didn't have a washing machine. Nearly 56% of the population did not have a car. 91% of municipal residents had a television but only 16% had a computer and just over 6% had access to the internet.[10]

Population

Annual Population Data
Year Population Men Women
2000 68,336 33,832 34,504
2010 83,755 41,088 42,667
2015 87,927 42,745 45,182
2016 89,100 43,208 45,892
2017 90,016 43,568 46,448
2018 100,808 49,552 41,256

Immigration

There is no significant migration to Jilotepec. In 2010, Over 99% of residents had been born in Mexico and 85% of the population had been born in the state of Mexico.

Age

In 2015, 29% of the population was under age 15, 27% were between the ages of 15 and 29, 21% were between the ages of 30 and 44, 13% were between the ages of 45 and 59, and 9% were older than 60. Women comprised 51% of the population.

Language

As of 2015, 99% of the population of Jilotepec speaks Spanish. Only 0.3% (321) of the population speaks an indigenous language.The most commonly spoken indigenous language is Otomí (162) followed by Náhuatl (45) and Mazahua (20).

Crime

Crime in Jilotepec has dropped noticeably over the 10 years between 2007 and 2017. Homicides have dropped from a high of 46 in 2012 to only 3 in 2017. There has been a similar decline in robberies from a high of 391 reported in 2010 to 134 in 2017. This is likely due to an expansion of economic opportunities brought about by the construction of large industrial plants and industrial parks.[5]

Economy

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The nature of the economy of Jilotepec has shifted over the last ten years. Agriculture and livestock have been the traditional sectors of the economy, but services and industry have made rapid gains. While the gross domestic product of agriculture has ebbed and flowed in the period from 2007 to 2017, the GDP of services and industries has swollen from MXN$427.83 million to MXN$725.08 million and MXN$569.5 million to MXN$1.469 billion.[5]

Municipal Gross Domestic Product per Year:

Year GDP (million MXN$)
2007 1,428.09
2008 1,574.46
2009 1,588.62
2010 1,834.98
2011 2,067.91
2012 2,356.6
2013 2,454.82
2014 2,219.78
215 2,399.36
2016 2,471.72
2017 2,613.5

Agriculture

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One of the largest industries of Jilotepec is agriculture. In 2012, 15,572 ha was dedicated to cultivation with the vast majority (13,000 ha) dedicated to corn grain with an annual production of 63,000 tons. Oats were the second most important crop with 1,770 ha dedicated to its cultivation and 38,367 tons produced. Other important crops include barley, beans, and wheat. The principal perennial crops of the municipality are apples and peaches with an annual production of 33 tons and 133 tons respectively.[10]

Livestock

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Jilotepec is the leader of poultry production in the state of Mexico with 11,893 tons produced in 2018. It produced 1,181 tons of beef, .925 tons of goat, 67.83 tons of turkey, 160.348 tons of sheep, and 763.748 tons of pork. It produced .323 tons of beeswax, 14.9 tons of honey, 582.845 tons of eggs, 24.613 tons of wool and 24.613 tons of cow milk.[11]

Industry

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Jilotepec is perfectly situated between the metropolises of Mexico City and Querétaro to facilitate the production and delivery of goods. It is also on the border with the state of Hidalgo and therefore close to the large markets in Pachuca, Tulancingo, and Tula. Furthermore, two major highways intersect in Jilotepec: the Pan-american Highway and the Arco Norte which links the state of Mexico with Hidalgo, Tlaxcala, and Puebla. One of the first companies to take advantage of this was Truper which has built one of the largest industrial projects in the country there. This incentivized the construction of other projects in the municipality, most notably an industrial park in 2010 with an initial investment of MXN$13.5 billion pesos.[7]

Other major businesses located in Jilotepec include ADS Mexicana, FLEXICO, Concreto Polimérico Castor, PROT A+M, Servicios Químicos y Maquilas, KALTEX, and recently distribution centers for General Motors and Liverpool. Despite these large capital investments, Jilotepec has failed to reach any agreements with these businesses, especially regarding their need for qualified workers. Nor have the municipalities two universities (El Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores and the Universidad Mexiquense del Bicentenario) developed academic programs to prepare locals for employment with these companies.[7]

Markets

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There are three covered markets in Jilotepec, two in the municipal capital (San José and Divina Providencia) each with 21 stalls, and a smaller one in Acazuchitlán. The municipality also has 13 tianguis, weekly open-air street markets. The largest of them occurs every Friday in Jilotepec de Molina Enríquez and can have over 1,600 vendors divided into three shopping districts: fruits, vegetables, and food; clothing and other items; and livestock. People come from as far as the neighboring state of Hidalgo to shop the Jilotepec tianguis.[5]

Arts and Culture

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Sports

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Parks and Recreation

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Las Peñas is the principal tourist attraction of Jilotepec. Located in the community of Dexcani Alto, its stone monoliths are ideal for climbing and mountain biking. Las Peñas also has the largest reserve of oak forest in the state of Mexico. There are dozens of climbing routes as well as cabins that one can rent. The best times to climb are between October and March when the seasonal rains have passed. Other activities of interest are horse riding and bird watching.[12]

Sanctuary of Canalejas

Government

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In 2012, the municipality took in over MXN$18.5 million in revenue, over MXN$2 million of which came from taxes. MXN$24.3 million was spent by the municipality in the same year with MXN$14.9 million being listed as personal services (servicios personales) and only MXN$72,900 being marked for public investment and MXN$1.5 million being spent to service the public debt.[10] As of 2015, Jilotepec has the lowest public investment per capita of all of its municipal neighbors at MXN$552.54.[11]

Municipal Presidents of Jilotepec[13]
Municipal President Time in Office Political Party
Martín Cadena 1934-1935
Cirilo Franco Núñez 1936-1937
Pastor F. Maldonado 1938-1939
Luis Sánchez 1940-1941 PRM
Juan Soto Monroy 1942-1943 PRM
Francisco Buitrón M. 1944-1945 PRM
Pedro B. Noguez 1946-1948 PRI
Salvador Flores Parra 1949-1951 PRI
Juan Soto Monroy 1952-1954 PRI
Facundo Arciniega 1955-1957 PRI
Marcelino Sánchez B. 1958-1960 PRI
Daniel Maldonado R. 1961-1963 PRI
Dr. Jacob del Río 1964-1965 PRI
Mariano Franco Miranda 1965-1966 PRI
Dr. Heriberto Ortega 1967-1969 PRI
Daniel Maldonado R. 1970-1972 PRI
Mario Franco Miranda 1973-1975 PRI
Romualdo García Cruz 1976-1978 PRI
Lic. Josafat Sánchez 1979-1981 PRI
Rodolfo Noguez Soto 1982-1984 PRI
Prof. Javier Barrios G. 1985-1987 PRI
Lic. Regina Reyes Retana 1988-1990 PRI
Lic. Ricardo Garcia Maldonado 1994-1996 PRI
Heriberto Ortega Ramírez 1997-2000 PRI
Ricardo Aguilar Castillo 2000=2003 PRI
Marlon Martínez Martínez 2003-2006 APT
Felipe Vega Becerril 2006-2009 PRD
Jesús Sanchez García 2009-2012 C.C.
Edgar Castillo Martínez 2013-2015 CPEM
Felipe Vega Becerril 2016-2018 PNA
Agustin Bonilla Rodriguez 2019-2021 MORENA

Education

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As of 2010, only 7% of the population above the age of 15 was illiterate. There were 293 schools open during the 2011-2012 school year employing 1,668 teachers with 29,588 students enrolled. In 2012 there were eight public libraries.

Media

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Infrastructure

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The municipality of Jilotepec had 240 km of paved roads in 2018. The municipal capital houses the region's only bus station with 9 bus companies and 155 buses in service as of 2018, and is home to 7 taxi companies with over 100 cars and vans.[5]

Notable People

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  1. ^ a b c d e Huitrón Huitrón, Antonio (1985). Monografía Municipal: Jilotepec (PDF) (in Spanish). Mexico. ISBN 968-841-083-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ a b "Estado de México - Jilotepec de Abasolo". www.inafed.gob.mx. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
  3. ^ Chavero, Alfredo (1880). México a Través de los Siglos (PDF) (in Spanish). Vol. 1. México: Ballesca y Compania.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Plan de desarrollo Municipal 2016-2018 Jilotepec, México [Municipal Plan of Development 2016-2018 Jilotepec, México] (PDF) (in Spanish). Jilotepec, Estado de México: Ayuntamiento Constitucional de Jilotepec. 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Plan de Desarrollo Municipal 2019-2021 (PDF) (in Spanish). Jilotepec, Estado de México: Ayuntamiento Constitucional de Jilotepec. 2019.
  6. ^ Geografía (INEGI), Instituto Nacional de Estadística y. "Mapas. Fisiográficos". en.www.inegi.org.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 2019-05-30.
  7. ^ a b c Figueroa Noguez, Areli Alejandra (2018). "Iniciativas de Desarrollo Económico Local en el Municipio de Jilotepec, Estado de México" [Local Economic Development Initiatives in the Municipality of Jilotepec, State of Mexico] (PDF). Agenda Pública para el Desarrollo Regional, la Metropolización y la Sostenibilidad [Public Agenda for Regional Development, Metropolitanization, and Sustainability] (PDF) (in Spanish). Vol. 3. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. pp. 427–438.
  8. ^ "Las Peñas – Ayuntamiento Constitucional de Jilotepec 2019-2021" (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 2019-05-31.
  9. ^ "Average Weather in Jilotepec de Molina Enríquez, Mexico, Year Round - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
  10. ^ a b c Estadística Básica Municipal, Jilotepec [Basic Municipal Statistics, Jilotepec] (PDF) (in Spanish). Mexico: Gobierno del Estado de México. 2013.
  11. ^ a b "Visor Atlas Cibernético del Estado de México". acvisor.edomex.gob.mx. Retrieved 2019-05-31.
  12. ^ "Las Peñas – Ayuntamiento Constitucional de Jilotepec 2019-2021" (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 2019-05-31.
  13. ^ "SNIM". www.snim.rami.gob.mx. Retrieved 2019-05-30.