Nimachap Mongush

Nimachap Mongush was born in 1879 in the sumon Shimelig (Shemi) of Daa khoshun of the Sesen-Khaan aimag of Mongolia, Manchu-Qing China, in the family of Bai Aiyzhy.Sumon ruler Aiyzhy was an educated person for his time. He reasoned that only a literate person could carry out public service, and correspond with higher authorities in Mongolia and Beijing, as well as with the administration of the Supreme Ruler of the adjacent Uryankhai region in Samagaltai. Considering that all epistolary documents at that time were compiled in Mongolian and Chinese, his two sons named Enzak and Nimachap received higher spiritual education in Mongolia.

The supreme ruler of Daa Khoshun noyan Haydip Uger-Daa soon drew attention to the education, diligence, and good knowledge of the Mongolian and Chinese languages of Mongush Nimachap and called him to his service. Very soon he was convinced that he had made the right choice. Nimachap showed efficiency, commitment, and accuracy in the written presentation of the thoughts and orders of Noyan Khaidyp. Years of service in the noyan's office he has had a significant impact on the formation of the personality of Mongush Nimachap and his transformation into a prominent political and statesman of the last century. In the same years, he met Khaidyp's son Uger-Daa Hun Noyan Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy, one of the founders of the Tannu-Tuva People's Republic.

Mutual respect, support at work, and unanimity in all accepted state issues testify to the strong friendship between Nimachap and Buyan-Badyrgy. Here it is necessary to emphasize the fact that Nimachap was much older than Buyan-Badyrgy. It must be assumed that it was Nimachap who had a significant influence on the young hereditary Hun Noyan.

People's writer of Tuva, scientist Kenin-Lopsan Mongush Borakhovich in his famous novel-essay "Buyan-Badyrgy" very accurately described the relationship and activities of two wonderful sons of Tuva, Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy and Mongush Nimachap. And Nimachap's countrymen gave him the nickname "Sheminsky sage."

By July 1921, the situation in Tuva was characterized by the awakening of the political activity of the broad Arat masses, the people's strong desire for national freedom. During the negotiations between representatives of two Khemchik khoshuns and the Russian delegation on June 25-26, 1921, an agreement was reached on the sovereignty of Uryankhai, on the preservation of some forms of original government, on the patronage of the RSFSR in international affairs, on protecting the region from attempts from outside, on the surrender of the selected Tuva arats from the Kazantsev arms gangs to the Soviet authorities, on the establishment of normal trade in Uryankhai with the circulation of Russian and Chinese money, followed by their exchange in the form of goods or gold, and finally, on the convening of the All-Tuva Khural of nine Khoshuns. Buyan-Badyrgy and Nimachap Mongush took part in the negotiations on behalf of the Daa Khoshun. On August 13–16, 1921, the All-Tuva Constituent Khural was held in the area of Sug-Bazhy (village of Kochetovo). On August 14, 1921, the Tannu-Tuva People's Republic was proclaimed, and another new sovereign state appeared on the political map of Asia.

The acceptance of the protectorate of Russia by Tuva forever linked the fate of the Tuvan people and the peoples of Russia, gave the region the opportunity to look to the future with optimism. Then why, after the announcement of the protectorate, did Russia so easily agree to the self-determination of the Uryankhai region?

After the October Revolution in Russia, the Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia was proclaimed, including the right of peoples to self-determination up to secession and the formation of an independent state. It was based on the work of V.I. Lenin, The Revolutionary Proletariat and the Right of Nations to Self-Determination.

We demand the freedom to secede from Russia for all the nations oppressed by tsarism, regardless of our revolutionary struggle for socialism, but because this last struggle will remain an empty word if it is not linked together with the revolutionary formulation of all democratic questions, including the national one. We demand freedom of self-determination, i.e. independence, i.e. freedom of the oppressed nations, not because we dream of economic fragmentation or the ideal of small states, but on the contrary, because we want large states and rapprochement, even merging of nations, but on a truly democratic, truly internationalist basis, unthinkable without freedom of secession. wrote V.I. Lenin.

Nimachap Mongush played a huge role in the formation of the Tuva People's Republic. He was always an independent politician of his time, and not a shadow of Buyan-Badyrgy. On the contrary, he had a great influence on Buyan-Badyrgy in the formation of liberal values. Until the end of his life, Buyan-Badyrgy highly appreciated the activities of Nimachap and called him his teacher.

Welcoming the proclamation of the TPR, the Bolsheviks, however, did not even think of weakening their influence in the Central Asian region, and in particular, in Tuva. In this regard, one of the primary tasks of Soviet and party workers in Tuva was the organization of a revolutionary party. On March 21, 1921, on behalf of the Far Eastern Secretariat of the Executive Committee of the Comintern (DVSKI), B.Z. Shumyatsky ordered the representative of Sirevkom in Tuva I.G. Safyanov to start its creation. And in August 1921, in the town of Elegest, the revolutionary arats of the Oyunnar kozhuun, headed by Oyun Kursedi, took upon themselves the creation of the party. The formation of the initiative group in this khoshun was explained by the fact that its inhabitants had long-standing ties with the Russian Bolsheviks and the workers of Belotsarsk. Later, members of this group called it "Ugudar Yaami", that is, the Campaign Bureau.

Almost simultaneously, another initiative group is organized in Pii-Khem, the majority of which are former officials headed by Mongush Nimachap.

A struggle for influence and power in Tuva begins between the two groups. Oyun Kursedi's group, having no experience in organizational and mass work, lost leadership to the Pii-Khem bureau, which launched activities to form the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party. Soon, on October 29, 1921, in the town of Kara-Yyash in Pii-Khem, a joint meeting of both groups was held, in which representatives of the Siberian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP and Sibrevkom took part. At this meeting, a decision was made to create the Tuva People's Revolutionary Party, and an organizational bureau was elected to prepare its founding congress.

At the 1st congress, held in Turan February 28 - March 1, 1922, the organizational registration of the TNRP took place. More than 40 delegates took part in its work, mainly from the central and western kozhuuns. The congress adopted the party's provisional charter and elected its central committee, which, along with the arats, included noyons, lamas, and officials. The Central Committee of the TNRP included Nimachap, Lopsan-Osur, Tumen-Nazity, Daryma-Bazyr. The functions of the chairman of the Central Committee were entrusted to Maady Lopsan-Osur. Nimachap was elected secretary (History of Tuva, vol. II, pp. 137–138). It was Mongush Nimachap who made a report at the congress on the charter and program of the party.

But in this composition the Central Committee did not work for long. On July 6, 1923, the Second Congress of the TNRP was convened. The congress considered several questions of party building. On the second question, “On the dissolution of the members of the Central Committee of the TNRP, elected at the 1st Congress, Nimachap Mongush made a report. The main reason for the dissolution of the members of the Central Committee of the TNRP, Nimachap Mongush noted in his report, is the inability to protect the interests of the inhabitants of the TNRP.

In addition to questions of party building, the congress considered other vital problems. Very serious, for example, was the seventh issue on the agenda - on the activities of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which was headed in parallel with the performance of party duties by the same Nimachap Mongush. In his report, the Minister of Foreign Affairs spoke, in particular, about the difficult relationship between Tuva and Mongolia. The fact is that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the TNR received a letter from the Mongolian side, where it was recommended that representatives of Tuva go to Mongolia and discuss the issue of the future structure of Uryankhai. It was not safe to refuse this offer. But after analyzing the situation, the Tuvan Foreign Ministry refuses to participate in these negotiations. Nimachap Mongush, based on the note of the Soviet government on the recognition of the sovereignty of the TNR, considers the proposal of the Mongols belated and incorrect, because the Tuvan people themselves chose their future and their first state is a fait accompli. Therefore, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs sends to Mongolia a refusal to participate in negotiations on this topic. The situation was calculated accurately, and the authorities of the southern neighbor had to come to terms with this turn of affairs.

Further, in his report, Nimachap Mongush noted the work done by the ministry.

1. From sending the first ambassador of the TNR to the USSR.

2. On the establishment of relations with the Oirot Autonomous Region of the USSR for the development of the national economy and culture.

3. On the definition of the state border between the TNR and the USSR.

4. On the free movement of citizens from the city of Usinsk until the state borders between the TNR and the USSR are determined.

In the second half of 1925, Buyan-Badyrgy became secretary of the Central Committee, and in January 1926, in connection with the appointment of Sh. At the 5th congress of the TNRP, Buyan-Badyrgy was elected Secretary General. Soon, two more Khemchik players Kuular Donduk and Mongush Nimachap appeared in the leading trio.

From September 28 to October 6, 1924, a meeting of the II Great Khural of the TPR was held in Kyzyl. The delegates of the II Great Khural of the TPR elected the Lesser Khural with 52 members. Mongush Nimachap was unanimously elected chairman of the Small Khural, they worked in this position until 1929. The decisions taken at the meeting of the II Great Khural gave a new impetus to the development of the Tuvan state. The New Constitution of the People's Republic of China was adopted. The constitution fixed the new official name of Tuva - "Tannu-Tuva People's Republic". A new electoral system has been developed. The structure of central and local authorities is clearly defined. The only legislative body with supreme power was the Great Khural (parliament) and between sessions - the Small Khural, which was elected at the meetings of the Great Khural. The Presidium of the Small Khural was a working body.

The new constitution fixed the status of the Council of Ministers as the supreme executive body of the TNR. Kuular Donduk was appointed Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Kuular Donduk was born in 1889 in Sumon Shemi). At the congress, two republican judges were elected from among the members of the Small Khural. Questions of legal proceedings and the resolution of all court cases were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Justice. According to the new constitution, the Tannu-Tuva People's Republic was formed as a democratic parliamentary republic.

USSR - TNR: FRIENDSHIP AND COOPERATION

In the summer of 1925, at the invitation of the Soviet government, the first official delegation from Tuva arrived in Moscow, consisting of Chairman of the Council of Ministers Kuular Donduk, Chairman of the Small Khural Mongush Nimachap, and Soyan Dalaa-Surun, manager of affairs. The delegation included: Minister of War K. Shagdyr, translator P. Medvedev, and youth representative Badan-ool. On June 22, 1925, an agreement on friendship and cooperation between the two states was signed between the government of the Tannu-Tuva People's Republic and the Government of the USSR. From the Tuvan side, the agreement was signed by Kuular Donduk, Mongush Nimachap, and Dalaa-Surun. The Tuvan delegation was received by Rykov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Chicherin, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Frunze, Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council. Very interesting was the meeting with a member of the Presidium of the ECCI (Comintern) Sen Katoyama, who fully supported the decision of the Constituent Khural on the formation of the TPR. The signing of the Soviet-Tuva Treaty of 1925 was the official recognition of the new state of the Tannu-Tuva People's Republic by the USSR.