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Duchy of Swabia
Herzogtum Schwaben (German)
Ducatus Allemaniæ (Latin)
915–1313
Hohenstaufen (13th century) of Swabia
Hohenstaufen (13th century)
The Duchy of Swabia within the German Kingdom around the start of the 11th century
The Duchy of Swabia within the German Kingdom around the start of the 11th century
Map showing the territories of Upper Burgundy (green) and the Duchy of Swabia (orange)
Map showing the territories of Upper Burgundy (green) and the Duchy of Swabia (orange)
Status
CapitalNone
Common languagesLatin
Swabian
Religion
Roman Catholicism
GovernmentFeudalism Duchy
Historical eraEarly Middle Ages
• Proclaimed
915
• Duchy discontinued
1268
• Duchy resurrected for the Habsburgs

1289
• Disestablished
1313
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Alamannia
County of Württemberg
Old Swiss Confederacy
Margraviate of Baden
Duchy of Burgundy
County of Zollern
Principality of Fürstenberg

Name

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The Hohenstaufen Castle ruin

The name Hohenstaufen was first used in the 14th century to distinguish the 'high' (hohen) conical hill named Staufen in the Swabian Jura (in the district of Göppingen) from the village of the same name in the valley below. The new name was applied to the hill castle of Staufen by historians only in the 19th century to distinguish it from other castles of the same name. The name of the dynasty followed suit, but in recent decades, the trend in German historiography has been to prefer the name 'Staufer', which is closer to contemporary usage.[1][2]

The name 'Staufen' itself derives from Stauf (OHG stouf, akin to Early Modern English stoup), meaning 'chalice'. This term was commonly applied to conical hills in Swabia during the Middle Ages.[1] It is a contemporary term for both the hill and the castle, although its spelling in the Latin documents of the time varies considerably: Sthouf, Stophe, Stophen, Stoyphe, Estufin, etc. The castle was built or at least acquired by Duke Frederick I of Swabia in the latter half of the 11th century.[3][4]

Members of the family occasionally used the toponymic surname de Stauf or variants thereof. Only in the 13th century would the name come to be applied to the family as a whole. Around 1215, a chronicler referred to the "emperors of Stauf". In 1247, the Emperor Frederick II himself referred to his family as the domus Stoffensis (Staufer house), but this was an isolated instance. Otto of Freising (d. 1158) associated the Staufer with the town of Waiblingen, and around 1230, Burchard of Ursberg referred to the Staufer as of the "royal lineage of the Waiblingens" (regia stirps Waiblingensium). The exact connection between the family and Waiblingen is not clear, but as a name for the family, it became very popular. The pro-imperial Ghibelline faction of the Italian civic rivalries of the 13th and 14th centuries derived its name from Waiblingen.[3][2]

In Italian historiography, the Staufer are known as the Svevi (Swabians).[1]

Origins

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The origin remains unclear, however, Staufer counts are mentioned in a document of emperor Otto III in 987 as descendants of counts of the region of Riesgau near Nördlingen in the Duchy of Swabia, who were related to the Bavarian Sieghardinger family. A local count Frederick (d. about 1075) is mentioned as progenitor in a pedigree drawn up by Abbot Wibald of Stavelot at the behest of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1153. He held the office of a Swabian count palatine; his son Frederick of Büren (c. 1020–1053) married Hildegard of Egisheim-Dagsburg (d. 1094/95), a niece of Pope Leo IX. Their son Frederick I was appointed Duke of Swabia at Hohenstaufen Castle by the Salian king Henry IV of Germany in 1079.[5][6][2]

At the same time, Duke Frederick I was engaged to the king's approximately seventeen-year-old daughter, Agnes. Nothing is known about Frederick's life before this event, but he proved to be an imperial ally throughout Henry's struggles against other Swabian lords, namely Rudolf of Rheinfelden, Frederick's predecessor, and the Zähringen and Welf lords. Frederick's brother Otto was elevated to the Strasbourg bishopric in 1082.[2][7]

Upon Frederick's death, he was succeeded by his son, Duke Frederick II, in 1105. Frederick II remained a close ally of the Salians, he and his younger brother Conrad were named the king's representatives in Germany when the king was in Italy. Around 1120, Frederick II married Judith of Bavaria from the rival House of Welf.[5][8]


Staufer period

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Frederick had to fight for his position with Bertold, son of Duke Rudolph, and the duke's son-in-law, Bertold II, duke of Zahringen, to whom he ceded the Breisgau in 1096. Frederick II succeeded his father in 1105, and was followed by Frederick III, afterwards the emperor Frederick I. The earlier Hohenstaufen increased the imperial domain in Swabia, where they received steady support, although ecclesiastical influences were very strong. In 1152 Frederick I gave the duchy to his kinsman, Frederick, count of Rothenburg and duke of Franconia, after whose death in 1167 it was held successively by three sons of the emperor, the youngest of whom, Philip, was chosen German king in 1198. During his struggle for the throne Philip purchased support by large cessions of Swabian lands, and the duchy remained in the royal hands during the reign of Otto IV, and came to Frederick II in 1214. Frederick granted Swabia to his son Henry, and, after his rebellion in 1235, to his son Conrad, whose son Conradin, setting out in 1266 to take possession of Sicily, pledged his Swabian inheritance to Ulrich II, count of Württemberg. The duchy fell into abeyance after Conradin's death in 1268.[9]

Duchy of Swabia around AD 1000 shown in gold yellow including (present-day) Alsace, the southern part of Baden-Württemberg, Bavarian Swabia, Vorarlberg in Austria, Liechtenstein, eastern Switzerland and small parts of northern Italy. In green: Upper Burgundy.

Members of the Hohenstaufen family

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Family tree of the Hohenstaufen emperors including their relation to succeeding dynasties
Seal of Henry II of Swabia (dated 1216) shows him as a mounted knight with a shield and banner displaying three leopards (three lions passant guardant)as the Hohenstaufen coat of arms; the three lions (later shown just passant) would later become known as the Swabian coat of arms.

Holy Roman Emperors and Kings of the Romans

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The first ruling Hohenstaufen, Conrad III, like the last one, Conrad IV, was never crowned emperor. After a 20-year period (Great interregnum 1254–1273), the first Habsburg was elected king.

Kings of Italy

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Note: The following kings are already listed above as German Kings

Kings of Sicily

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Arms of the Hohenstaufen Sicily

Note: Some of the following kings are already listed above as German Kings

Dukes of Swabia

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Note: Some of the following dukes are already listed above as German Kings


Family tree of the House of Hohenstaufen

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Simplified Hohenstaufen Dynasty family tree
Frederick of Büren
Frederick I
duke of Swabia
Agnes of Waiblingen
SALIAN
Frederick II
duke of Swabia
1.Judith of Bavaria
2.Agnes of Saarbrücken

Conrad III
king of Germany
1.Gertrude of Comburg
2.Gertrude of Sulzbach
1.Adelaide of Vohburg
2.Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy

Frederick I Barbarossa
king of Germany,
III as duke of Swabia
Conrad
count palatine of the Rhine
1.(daughter of
Gottfried I of Sponheim)
2.Irmengard of Henneberg

Henry Berengar
co-king of Germany
Frederick IV
duke of Swabia
Gertrude of Bavaria
Frederick V
duke of Swabia

Henry VI
king of Germany
Constance, Queen of Sicily
Frederick VI
duke of Swabia
Otto I
count of Burgundy
Margaret, Countess of Blois
Conrad II
duke of Swabia
Berengaria of Castile

Philip
king of Germany,
duke of Swabia
Irene Angelina

Frederick II
king of Germany,
I as king of Sicily,
VII as duke of Swabia
1.Constance of Aragon
2.Isabella II of Jerusalem
3.Isabella of England
4.Bianca Lancia

Henry
king of Germany,
II duke of Swabia,
III King of Sicily, Italy,
Margaret of Austria

Conrad IV
king of Germany,
I as king of Sicily,
III as duke of Swabia
Elisabeth of Bavaria
(Constance) Anna
John III Doukas Vatatzes
Roman Emperor
Manfred
king of Sicily
1.Beatrice of Savoy
2.Helena
Angelina Doukaina
of Epirus
Conradin
II as king of Sicily,
IV as duke of Swabia
Constance
Peter III of Aragon



Family tree

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The Dukes of Swabia stem duchy family diagram


Coats of Arms

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  1. ^ a b c Hansmartin Schwarzmaier (2005). "Hohenstaufen, famiglia". Enciclopedia fridericiana. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Translated by Maria Paola Arena{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  2. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference grin was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b John B. Freed, Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth (Yale University Press, 2016), pp. 5–6.
  4. ^ Adelbert von Keller (1823). Ein Tag auf Hohenstaufen Oder die schwäbischen Pilger: Eine kleine dramatische Skizze für Familienkreise. Schwan. pp. 55–.
  5. ^ a b Knut Görich (22 November 2011). Friedrich Barbarossa: Eine Biographie. C.H.Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-62149-9.
  6. ^ "Sighardinger (Sieghardinger, Sigehardinger)". Deutsche Biographie. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
  7. ^ Wilhelm Muschka (22 May 2012). Agnes von Waiblingen - Stammmutter der Staufer und Babenberger-Herzöge: Eine mittelalterliche Biografie. Tectum Wissenschaftsverlag. pp. 74–. ISBN 978-3-8288-5539-7.
  8. ^ Wolfgang Stürner (30 October 2019). Die Staufer: Eine mittelalterliche Herrscherdynastie - Bd. 1: Aufstieg und Machtentfaltung (975 bis 1190). Kohlhammer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-17-035365-7.
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference EB1911 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).