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Wikipedia:Citing_sources

List of things to follow up

List of domesticated animals‎, Talk:List of domesticated animals‎
User:UtherSRG, Tree kangaroos
User talk:SparrowGrrl, Talk:Western grey kangaroo
Elk
List of invasive species in Portugal - get rid of decree 2 listings

African elephant

Males usually stay with a female and her herd for about a month before moving on in search of another mate. Less than a third of the population of female elephants will be in estrus at any given time and the gestation period of an elephant is long, so it makes more evolutionary sense for a male to search for as many females as possible rather than stay with one group BOOK The living elephants : evolutionary ecology, behavior, and conservation / Raman Sukumar Sukumar, R 2003 Central General (Level 3 or 4) QL737.P98 S956 2003

Marmosops pakaraimae

Cribrohantkenina in Oligocene

History of art - art in the enlightenment

Hackle OED - Plume (feather) 3. a feathered ornament worn in the headdress of some Highland regiments Collins englsih disctionary harpercollins publishers 3rd ed 1994 0 00 470678-1 glasgow

Impact took various forms homage to science, illustration more characteristic those of classical antiquity relating to neo-classcism - preceived nature of classical- realism,restraint, harmony order. Also pagan. Used both style and subject matter. Contemporay depictions of classical scenes were seen as a means of morally improving the viewer so giving art a socially beneficial role. enlightenment desire to foster progress fitted with the conteparory understanding of classical art, fixedaestheic norms grounding in nature allowed the possibility of artists to immitate it. belief of the malleability of the individual numerous academies founded in later 18th solely on clascial art artcodofied into sets of rules - obective disctinctionsbeween good andd bad art. Reason used to assess art both layman and critic Dictionary of Art ed Jane turner vol 10 p401 the enlightenment 1996 isbn 1-884446-00-0 macmillan publishers

West Asia The Middle East : a geographical study DS49.7 .B36 1988

Short-beaked echidna distribution Echidna : extraordinary egg-laying mammal / Michael Augee, Brett Gooden & Anne Musser QL737.M73 A85 2006

New South Wales borders in States and territories of Australia

Australian flying fox die-offs Subfamily Nyctimeninae https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/288385#page/11/mode/1up https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/288385#page/11/mode/1up

Stuff

*Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments*
Discipline	Paleontology
Language	English
Edited by	Dieter Uhl
Publication details
History	2009–present
Publisher	Springer (Germany)
Frequency	Quarterly
Open access	Hybrid
Impact factor	1.4 (2022)
Standard abbreviations;
ISO 4	Palaeobio. Palaeoenv.
Indexing;
ISSN	1867-1594 (print); 1867-1608 (web);
Links
	Journal homepage;

Jameel the Saluki/sandbox; Temporal range: Pliocene - Pleistocene
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Infraclass:	Marsupialia
Order:	Diprotodontia
Family:	Phascolarctidae
Genus:	Phascolarctos
Species:	†P. yorkensis
Binomial name
	†Phascolarctos yorkensis; Black and Archer, 1997

Pantepui slender opossum
Conservation status
	; Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Infraclass:	Marsupialia
Order:	Didelphimorphia
Family:	Didelphidae
Genus:	Marmosops
Species:	M. pakaraimae
Binomial name
	Marmosops pakaraimae; Voss et al. 2013

Pantepui slender opossum

References

^ Martin, G.M. (2016). "Marmosops pakaraimae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T51221900A51221937. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T51221900A51221937.en. Retrieved 21 November 2023.

Phascolarctos yorkensis

Not going to use unless get more specimens

Phascolarctos yorkensis) is an extinct arboreal marsupial which existed in Australia from the early Pliocene to the late Pleistocene.^[1]

Fossils have been recovered from two locations, from caves near Curramulka on the Yorke Peninsula in South Australia, and from the Wellington Caves near Wellington in New South Wales.^[1]^[2]

^[3]

Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments

https://www.senckenberg.de/en/science/senckenberg-publications/scientific-journals/palaeobiodiversity-and-palaeoenvironments/ Journal of Paleontology https://www.springer.com/journal/12549

Pantepui slender opossum

Pantepui slender opossum
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)^[4]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Infraclass:	Marsupialia
Order:	Didelphimorphia
Family:	Didelphidae
Genus:	Marmosops
Species:	M. pakaraimae
Binomial name
*Marmosops pakaraimae* Voss, Lim, Díaz-Nieto & Jansa, 2013

Pantepui slender opossum range

text1 ^{[note 1]}

text2 ^{[note 2]}

Some text here ^{[note 3]}

Let's repeat the note ^{[note 3]}

Notes

^ The list is based on The Third edition of Wilson & Reeder's Mammal Species of the World (2005) except where both the Mammal Diversity Database and IUCN agree on the change.
^ Another note
^ ^a ^b The argument is made from pages 314 to 332 of The Blank Slate.^[5] Relevant quotes include on p332 "The first step in understanding violence is to set aside our abhorrence of it long enough to examine why it can sometimes pay off in evolutionary terms.", "Natural selection is powered by competition, which means that the products of natural selection - survival machines, in Richard Dawkins metaphor - should, by default, do whatever helps them survive and reproduce.". On p323 "If an obstacle stands in the way of something an organism needs, it should neutralize the obstacle by disabling or eliminating it.", "Another human obstacle consists of men monopolozing women who could otherwise be taken as wives.", "The competition can be violent". On p324 "So people have invented, and perhaps evolved, an alternate defense: the advertised deterrence policy known as lex talionis, the law of retaliation, familiar from the biblical injunction "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth." If you can credibly say to potential adversaries, "We won't attack first, but if we are attacked, we will survive and strike back," you removee Hobbes's first two incentives for quarrel, gain and mistrust.". On p326 "Also necessary for vengeance to work as a deterrent is that the willingness to pursue it be made public, because the whole point of deterrence is to give would-be attackers second thoughts beforehand. And this brings us to Hobbes's final reason for quarrel. Thirdly, glory - though a more accurate word would be "honor"."

The blank slate the modern denial of human nature steven pinker allen lane the penguin press the penguin group London 2002 isbn 0-713-99256-5

competition p318 to 322 p322 the first step in understanding violence is to set aside our abhorrence of it long enough to examine why it can sometimes pay off in evolutionary terms.

Natural selection is powered by competition, which means that the products of natural selection - survival machines, in Richard Dawkins metaphor - should, by default, do whatever helps them survive and reproduce.

p323 If an obstacle stands in the way of something an organism needs, it should neutralize the obstacle by disabling or eliminating it.

Another human obstacle consists of men monopolozing women who could otherwise be taken as wives.

The competition can be violent

honor 326-329 p324 So people have invented, and perhaps evolved, an alternate defense: the advertised deterrence policy known as lex talionis, the law of retaliation, familiar from the biblical injunction "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth." If you can credibly say to potential adversaries, "We won't attack first, but if we are attacked, we will survive and strike back," you removee Hobbes's first two incentives for quarrel, gain and mistrust.

p326 Also necessary for vengeance to work as a deterrent is that the willingness to pursue it be made public, because the whole point of deterrence is to give would-be attackers second thoughts beforehand. And this brings us to Hobbes's final reason for quarrel. Thirdly, glory - though a more accurate word would be "honor".

https://iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Accounts/crm_5_000e_fossil_checklist_v1_2015.pdf Chelonoidis cubensis Cuban Giant Tortoise Testudinidae Cuba Early Holocene unkno Chelonoidis cubensis (Leidy 1868b)

(Pleistocene to Early Holocene)
Cuban Giant Tortoise
Cuba (Santa Clara)
Size: CL ca. 90 cm
Testudo cubensis † Leidy 1868b:179 [Pleistocene, Cuba (Ciego-Montero, Cienfuegos,

Santa Clara)], Testudo (Chelonoidis) cubensis, Geochelone cubensis, Hesperotestudo cubensis, Chelonoidis cubensis Comment: Redescribed by Williams (1950). Auffenberg (1967a) discussed this species; Meylan and Sterrer (2000) treated it as Chelonoidis. Karl (1995) described fosssils of smaller (CL ca. 40 cm) individuals of what might be this species from Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene deposits in San José de la Lamas, La Habana; this population apparently went extinct through human exploitation.

Chelonoidis cubensis

Jameel the Saluki/sandbox Temporal range: Late Pleistocene - Early Holocene
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Superfamily:	Testudinoidea
Family:	Testudinidae
Genus:	Chelonoidis
Species:	C. cubensis
Binomial name
*Chelonoidis cubensis* Leidy 1868
Synonyms
Synonymy Testudo cubensis Geochelone cubensis Hesperotestudo cubensis

Chelonoidis cubensis, also known as the Cuban Giant Tortoise is an extinct species of land tortoise that lived in Cuba from the Late Pleistocene to the Early Holocene.^[6] It had a carapace length of between 40cm and 90cm. It is thought that the species went extinct through human exploitation.

Chelonoidis monensis

Jameel the Saluki/sandbox Temporal range: Late Pleistocene–Late Holocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Superfamily:	Testudinoidea
Family:	Testudinidae
Genus:	Chelonoidis
Species:	†C. monensis
Binomial name
†Chelonoidis monensis Williams, 1952
Synonyms
Synonymy Testudo monensis Geochelone monensis Monachelys monensis

Chelonoidis monensis, also known as the Mona tortoise, is an extinct species of land tortoise that lived on the island of Mona from the Late Pleistocene to around 1000 BCE.^[7]^[8] Evidence for the latter date includes cave drawings. All fossil remains have been found either in or near Liro Cave on the east side of Mona.^[9] It had a carapace length of around 50cm.

Reference

^ ^a ^b Piper, Katarzyna J (2005). "An early Pleistocene record of a giant koala (Phascolarctidae: Marsupialia) from western Victoria". Australian Mammalogy. 27 (2): 221–223. doi:10.1071/AM05221.
^ Pledge, Neville S (1992). "The Curramulka Local Fauna: a late Tertiary fossil assemblage from Yorke Peninsula, South Australia". The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences. 9 (1): 115–142. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
^ Black, K; Archer, M (1997). "Nimiokoala gen. nov. (Marsupialia, Phascolarctidae) from Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland, with revision of Litokoala". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 41: 209–228.
^ Martin, G. M. (2016). "Marmosops pakaraimae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T51221900A51221937. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T51221900A51221937.en. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
^ Pinker, Steven (2002). The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. London: The Penguin Group. p. 314-332. ISBN 0-713-99256-5.
^ Turtle Taxonomy Working Group; Rhodin, A.G.J.; Iverson, J.B.; Bour, R.; Fritz, U.; Georges, A.; Shaffer, H.B.; van Dijk, P.P. (2017). "Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status" (PDF). In Rhodin, A.G.J.; Iverson, J.B.; van Dijk, P.P.; Saumure, R.A.; Buhlmann, K.A.; Pritchard, P.C.H.; Mittermeier, R.A. (eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs. 7 (8th ed.). pp. 1–292. doi:10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017. ISBN 978-1-5323-5026-9. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
^ Rhodin, A.G.J.; Thomson, S.; Georgalis, G.; Karl, H.-V.; Danilov, I.G.; Takahashi, A.; de la Fuente, M.S.; Bourque, J.R.; Delfino M.; Bour, R.; Iverson, J.B.; Shaffer, H.B.; van Dijk, P.P.; et al. (Turtle Extinctions Working Group) (2015). Turtles and tortoises of the world during the rise and global spread of humanity: first checklist and review of extinct Pleistocene and Holocene chelonians. Chelonian Research Monographs. Vol. 5. pp. 000e.1–66. doi:10.3854/crm.5.000e.fossil.checklist.v1.2015. ISBN 978-0965354097.
^ "Chelonoidis monensis Williams 1952". Paleobiology Database.
^ Albury, Nancy A.; Franz, Richard; Rimoli, Renato; Lehman, Phillip; Rosenberger, Alfred L. (9 August 2018). "Fossil land tortoises (Testudines: Testudinidae) from the Dominican Republic, West Indies, with a description of a new species" (PDF). American Museum Novitates. 2018 (3904): 1–28. doi:10.1206/3904.1. Retrieved 23 January 2023.

invasive portugal

There are two decrees referenced in this article to justify inclusion of species. The first [1] has a number of lists

list 1 - introduced species in mainland Portugal considered Invasive
list 2 - Non-indigenous species not considered invasive
list 3 - Non-indigenous species with known ecological risk (potentially invasive)

The second is [2], and is desgined to prevent species from becoming invasive. It has a list of species that are considered invasive in mainland Portugal. But the definition here is "alien species whose introduction into nature or propagation in a given territory threatens or has an adverse impact on biological diversity and ecosystem services associated with it, or has other adverse impacts;" also "The holding, cultivation, breeding, trade, introduction into nature and repopulation of specimens of species included in the National List of Invasive Species referred to in the following article is prohibited." The list in particular consists of "a) Exotic species for which there is scientific and technical information that allows classifying them as invasive in mainland Portugal; b) Exotic species in relation to which there is scientific and technical information that allows classifying them as invasive in the Autonomous Regions of the Azores and Madeira, considering the provisions of paragraph 3 of article 43; c) Exotic species considered ecological risk or classified as invasive in national norms or in international instruments ratified by Portugal; d) Invasive alien species that raise concern in the Union, identified in a list adopted under Regulation" It is clear that the list is actually includes potentially invasive species that have yet to become established, and thus cannot be used alone to substantiate inclusion in this list.

Amadina fasciataZ Amandava amandavaX Amandava subflavaZ Carassius auratusX Chamaeleo chamaeleonX Cichlasoma facetum/Australoheros facetusX Columbina passerinaZ Corbicula flumineaX Cyprinus carpioX Eriocheir sinensisX Esox luciusX Estrilda astrildX Estrilda melpodaZ Estrilda troglodytesX Euplectes aferX Euplectes franciscanusZ Euplectes hordeaceusZ Euplectes orixZ Francolinus francolinusZ Fundulus heteroclitusX Gambusia holbrookiX Gobio gobioZ Iridomyrmex humilis/Linepithema humileX Lacerta dugesiiX Lepomis gibbosusX Leptinotarsa decenlineataX Lonchura cantansX Lonchura majaZ Lonchura mallacaZ Lysiphlebus testaceipesX Micropterus salmoidesX Myiopsitta monachusZ Oncorhynchus mykissX Pacifastacus leniusculus.X Phasianus colchinusX Phoracantha semipunctataX Ploceus cucullatusX Ploceus melanocephalusX Poephila guttataZ Potamopyrgus jenkinsi./antipodarumX Procambarus clarkiiX Psitacula krameriX Quelea queleaZ Rattus norvegicusX Rattus rattusX Sander pike perchX

1st but cannot find Ameiurus melas /Ictalurus melesX

2nd decree Bufo marinus Lithobates catesbeianus Rana ridibunda Xenopus laevis Chelydra serpentina Chrysemys picta Graptemys spp. Hemidactylus mabouia Macroclemys temminckii Pseudemys spp. Ramphotyphlops braminus Tarentola mauritanica Lampropeltis getula Trachemys spp. Ammotragus lervia Callosciurus erythraeus Capra hircus Castor canadensis Erinaceus spp. Felis silvestris f. catus Herpestes javanicus Hystrix cristata Muntiacus reevesi Mus musculus Mus domesticus Mustela spp. Myocastor coypus Nasua nasua Neogale vison Nyctereutes procyonoides Ondatra zibethicus Oryctolagus cuniculus Procyon spp. Rattus spp. Sciurus carolinensis Sciurus niger Tamias sibiricus

[iucn_status_21_November_2023-1] Martin, G.M. (2016). "Marmosops pakaraimae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T51221900A51221937. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T51221900A51221937.en. Retrieved 21 November 2023.

[6] The list is based on The Third edition of Wilson & Reeder's Mammal Species of the World (2005) except where both the Mammal Diversity Database and IUCN agree on the change.

[7] Another note

[fn1-9] The argument is made from pages 314 to 332 of The Blank Slate.^[5] Relevant quotes include on p332 "The first step in understanding violence is to set aside our abhorrence of it long enough to examine why it can sometimes pay off in evolutionary terms.", "Natural selection is powered by competition, which means that the products of natural selection - survival machines, in Richard Dawkins metaphor - should, by default, do whatever helps them survive and reproduce.". On p323 "If an obstacle stands in the way of something an organism needs, it should neutralize the obstacle by disabling or eliminating it.", "Another human obstacle consists of men monopolozing women who could otherwise be taken as wives.", "The competition can be violent". On p324 "So people have invented, and perhaps evolved, an alternate defense: the advertised deterrence policy known as lex talionis, the law of retaliation, familiar from the biblical injunction "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth." If you can credibly say to potential adversaries, "We won't attack first, but if we are attacked, we will survive and strike back," you removee Hobbes's first two incentives for quarrel, gain and mistrust.". On p326 "Also necessary for vengeance to work as a deterrent is that the willingness to pursue it be made public, because the whole point of deterrence is to give would-be attackers second thoughts beforehand. And this brings us to Hobbes's final reason for quarrel. Thirdly, glory - though a more accurate word would be "honor"."

[Piper-2] Piper, Katarzyna J (2005). "An early Pleistocene record of a giant koala (Phascolarctidae: Marsupialia) from western Victoria". Australian Mammalogy. 27 (2): 221–223. doi:10.1071/AM05221.

[3] Pledge, Neville S (1992). "The Curramulka Local Fauna: a late Tertiary fossil assemblage from Yorke Peninsula, South Australia". The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences. 9 (1): 115–142. Retrieved 4 November 2023.

[4] Black, K; Archer, M (1997). "Nimiokoala gen. nov. (Marsupialia, Phascolarctidae) from Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland, with revision of Litokoala". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 41: 209–228.

[iucn_status_27_June_2016-5] Martin, G. M. (2016). "Marmosops pakaraimae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T51221900A51221937. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T51221900A51221937.en. Retrieved 25 January 2023.

[8] Pinker, Steven (2002). The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. London: The Penguin Group. p. 314-332. ISBN 0-713-99256-5.

[TTWG2017-10] Turtle Taxonomy Working Group; Rhodin, A.G.J.; Iverson, J.B.; Bour, R.; Fritz, U.; Georges, A.; Shaffer, H.B.; van Dijk, P.P. (2017). "Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status" (PDF). In Rhodin, A.G.J.; Iverson, J.B.; van Dijk, P.P.; Saumure, R.A.; Buhlmann, K.A.; Pritchard, P.C.H.; Mittermeier, R.A. (eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs. 7 (8th ed.). pp. 1–292. doi:10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017. ISBN 978-1-5323-5026-9. Retrieved 14 October 2017.

[11] Rhodin, A.G.J.; Thomson, S.; Georgalis, G.; Karl, H.-V.; Danilov, I.G.; Takahashi, A.; de la Fuente, M.S.; Bourque, J.R.; Delfino M.; Bour, R.; Iverson, J.B.; Shaffer, H.B.; van Dijk, P.P.; et al. (Turtle Extinctions Working Group) (2015). Turtles and tortoises of the world during the rise and global spread of humanity: first checklist and review of extinct Pleistocene and Holocene chelonians. Chelonian Research Monographs. Vol. 5. pp. 000e.1–66. doi:10.3854/crm.5.000e.fossil.checklist.v1.2015. ISBN 978-0965354097.

[12] "Chelonoidis monensis Williams 1952". Paleobiology Database.

[13] Albury, Nancy A.; Franz, Richard; Rimoli, Renato; Lehman, Phillip; Rosenberger, Alfred L. (9 August 2018). "Fossil land tortoises (Testudines: Testudinidae) from the Dominican Republic, West Indies, with a description of a new species" (PDF). American Museum Novitates. 2018 (3904): 1–28. doi:10.1206/3904.1. Retrieved 23 January 2023.

[1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[note 1]

[note 2]

[note 3]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]