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War of 1812
Part of the Sixty Years' War and related to the Napoleonic Wars
Clockwise from top: Damage to the United States Capitol after the burning of Washington Mortally wounded Isaac Brock spurs on the York Volunteers at the battle of Queenston Heights USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere The death of Tecumseh in 1813 Andrew Jackson defeats the British assault on New Orleans in 1815
Date 18 June 1812 – 17 February 1815 (2 years, 7 months, 4 weeks and 2 days) Location North America Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Result Inconclusive Territorial changes Anglo–American status quo ante bellum Spain loses West Florida to the United States Indigenous nations are mostly displaced from their territory
Belligerents
United States Allies: Choctaw Cherokee Lower Creek Seneca (in 1813)	United Kingdom British North America Upper Canada Lower Canada Allies: Tecumseh's Confederacy Pro-British Sauk Pro-British Potawatomi Pro-British Wyandot Pro-British Dakota Pro-British Ojibwe Caughnawaga Mohawk Red Sticks Pro-British Menominee Pro-British Winnebago Six Nations of the Grand River Spain (from 1813)
Commanders and leaders
James Madison Henry Dearborn John Rodgers Stephen Decatur Andrew Jackson William Henry Harrison William Hull	Philip Broke George Prévost Isaac Brock † Robert Ross † George Downie † Tecumseh †
Strength
United States United States Army: 7,000 (at war's start) 35,800 (at war's end) United States Rangers: 3,049 Militia: 458,463* United States Marines United States Navy and United States Revenue Cutter Service (at war's start) Ships of the line: none Frigates: 12 Other vessels: 14 Privateers: 515 ships Allies 125 Choctaw	United Kingdom British Army: 5,200 (at war's start) 48,160 (at war's end) Militia: 4,000 Royal Marines Royal Navy Ships of the line: 11 Frigates: 34 Other vessels: 52 Provincial Marine ‡ (at war's start) Ships: 9 Allies Native American allies: 10,000–15,000
Casualties and losses
United States: 2,200 killed in action 5,200 died of disease Up to 15,000 deaths from all causes 4,505 wounded 20,000 captured 8 frigates captured or burned 1,400 merchant ships captured 278 privateers captured 4,000 slaves escaped or freed	United Kingdom: 2,700 died in combat or disease 10,000 died from all causes 15,500 captured 4 frigates captured ~1,344 merchant ships captured (373 recaptured) Allies Indigenous allies: 10,000 dead from all causes (warriors and civilians) Unknown captured Spain: <20 casualties
* Some militias operated only in their own regions  † Killed in action  ‡ A locally raised coastal protection and semi-naval force on the Great Lakes

The First Prusso-Ottoman War (2 June 1672 – 3 February 1677) was fought by the Kingdom of Prussia and its allies against the Ottoman Empire and its own allies. Most of the battles were fought on Ottoman-controlled lands in the Balkans, but after the Battle of Tirnovo, in which the 237,000-strong Ottoman army was disintegrated, the war turned into a long and bloody liberation of Ottoman lands, from the south of Hungary to modern-day Caucasia. Prussian allies were composed of the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Hungary and several minor rebel groups from different ethnicities inside the Ottoman Empire.

Tensions between the countries arose when Padishah Osman III of the Ottomans, a long-lasting critic of King-Elector Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia, provoked the Prussian King by sending him a diplomatic insult. The Ottoman army was returning from a successful campaign against the Sultanate of Delhi, during which, most of the reserves were killed during sieges. However, an alliance between the Ottomans and the Kingdom of France, the most reliable Prussian ally, made it impossible for Prussia to initiate aggression. Friedrich William II's advisor and spymaster Kaspar Höltzendorff used his extensive spy network to sabotage the reputation of the Padishah, ultimately guaranteeing France's neutrality.

Meanwhile, the Prussian King convinced the King of Hungary to join forces, which meant the addition of almost 60,000 men. Prussia's other ally, the Czar of Russia, although eager to reclaim lost territory in the steppes, was unable to contribute due to a century-old debt crisis, inherited from the Princedom of Muscovy. The Kingdom of Bohemia was a de facto puppet of Prussia and contributed with ca. 40,000 troops. Prussia's own army alone, the most formidable and disciplined of Europe, consisted of two national armies and two mercenary armies, amounting to 175,000 professional soldiers.

In June 2 1672, war was declared and the Ottomans' Balkan lands were immediately invaded. After months of sieges and pillages, a detachment of

At sea, the Royal Navy imposed an effective blockade on U.S. maritime trade, while between 1812 and 1814 British regulars and colonial militia defeated a series of American attacks on Upper Canada. The abdication of Napoleon in early 1814 allowed the British to send additional troops to North America and the Royal Navy to reinforce their blockade, crippling the American economy. In August 1814, negotiations began in Ghent, with both sides wanting peace; the British economy had been severely impacted by the trade embargo, while the Federalists convened the Hartford Convention in December to formalise their opposition to the war.

In August 1814, British troops captured Washington, before American victories at Baltimore and Plattsburgh in September ended fighting in the north. In the Southeastern United States, American forces and Indian allies defeated an anti-American faction of the Creek. In early 1815, American troops defeated a major British attack on New Orleans.

Origin

Main article: Origins of the War of 1812

Since the conclusion of the War of 1812, historians have long debated the relative weight of the multiple reasons underlying its origins.