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2024 Bolivian coup attempt
A crowd of protesters in front of soldiers and military vehicles
Protesters confront soldiers outside the Plaza Murillo
Date26 June 2024; 18 days ago (2024-06-26)
Location
Plaza Murillo, La Paz, Bolivia
Result

Coup d'état failed

  • New military command appointed
  • Soldiers withdraw to barracks
  • Perpetrators apprehended
Belligerents

Government of Bolivia

Armed Forces of Bolivia

Commanders and leaders
Casualties and losses
12 civilians injured 21 officers detained

The 2024 Bolivian coup attempt was a failed coup d'état in Bolivia orchestrated by dissident officers of the Armed Forces led by General Juan José Zúñiga. On 26 June, armed troops occupied the Plaza Murillo in La Paz, the political heart of the country. The coup failed amid domestic and international pressure, and soldiers withdrew after the appointment of a new military high command.

The coup followed weeks of political and economic unease, as a split in the ruling party between former president Evo Morales and incumbent Luis Arce hampered the government's ability to address a looming financial crisis. Days before the coup, General Juan José Zúñiga declared that the military would arrest Morales if he ran in the 2025 presidential election. The resulting scandal ended in Zúñiga's dismissal.

Early on 26 June, Army units began irregular mobilizations, culminating in the complete occupation of Plaza Murillo by mid-afternoon. A tense standoff between soldiers and police joined by protesters lasted three hours. The day's events included an assault on the historical Palacio Quemado and a face-to-face altercation between Arce and Zúñiga. The coup plotters lacked meaningful military or political support and were met with bipartisan domestic and international condemnation. Police forces opposed the putsch, and the commander of the Air Force backed out before a new Army command appointed by Arce ordered all soldiers to return to their regular posts.

Following his arrest, Zúñiga asserted that the coup attempt had been a ruse masterminded by Arce to drum up popular support. Opponents of the government seized on the accusation, with supporters of Morales and the traditional opposition questioning the administration's role in the military uprising – an alleged self-coup Arce categorically denied.

Background[edit]

Bolivia marked its transition to democracy in 1982 when the Armed Forces ceded power to a civilian-led government elected two years prior.[1] Despite continued economic turmoil and political instability, the return to civilian rule mostly closed the cycle of volatility that caused the country to experience a multitude of attempted and successful revolutions and coups d'état in the two centuries since independence.[2][3] By 2024, Bolivia had not faced a coordinated military attempt to seize power in forty-odd years;[4] the last such venture occurred in 1984 but was unsuccessful.[5]

Antecedents to the most recent crisis stem back to 2019, when the then-president, leftist leader Evo Morales, sought reelection to a controversial fourth term in office. Morales's narrow victory in that year's general election was beset by allegations of fraud, sparking mass protests that prompted his resignation and the installation of an interim government – an event Morales's party, the Movement for Socialism (MAS), deemed a coup d'état. A re-run of the election in 2020 saw Luis Arce, Morales's chosen successor and former finance minister, win the presidency, returning the MAS to power.[6]

In the years after assuming office, a widening rift emerged between Arce and Morales over dueling presidential ambitions.[7] The growing schism culminated in 2023, with Arce's expulsion from the MAS party and Morales's announcement of his candidacy in the 2025 presidential election[8] – even as the Constitutional Tribunal revoked a previous ruling enabling him to run indefinitely.[9] By the start of 2024, the MAS had splintered into opposing factions loyal to either Arce or Morales. The charged political atmosphere was compounded by a growing economic crisis, with gridlock in parliament crippling the government's ability to manage Bolivia's financial woes. Amid a faltering approval rating,[10] roadblocks led by Morales supporters, and rising economic protests from outside labor groups, Arce called on the Armed Forces to defend him from "sinister plans that seek a soft coup or to shorten [his] term".[11]

https://eldeber.com.bo/pais/arce-y-zuniga-jugaban-basquet-eran-amigos-cercanos-y-compartian-en-espacios-no-laborales_374462

https://nacla.org/el-poder-militar-y-cambio-de-lealtades-en-bolivia

Coup attempt[edit]

Prelude and early maneuvering[edit]

Two days before the coup, on the night of 24 June, General Juan José Zúñiga, the commanding general of the Army, declared on the PAT network that if Morales attempted to run for president again, the Armed Forces would seek to arrest him. "That man cannot be president of this country again", Zúñiga affirmed. "If the case warrants it, I think that yes [we would arrest him]".[12] The general's comments provoked a wave of criticism from supporters of Morales and the opposition,[13] and by the next day, sources consulted by El Deber claimed that Zúñiga had been relieved of command.[14] He denied that narrative, however, stating to radio ERBOL that he was "still the commander [of the Army]" and that rumors of his dismissal were untrue.[15]

By the morning of 26 June, the situation surrounding Zúñiga's apparent removal remained unclear, with the general participating in an official military event, where he granted ranks to new members of the Army Intelligence Branch.[16] According to Defense Minister Edmundo Novillo, Zúñiga had indeed been sacked the night prior, in a private meeting described as "most friendly [and] with hugs".[17] By 11:00 a.m. BOT, however, unofficial reports indicated a level of discontent within the Armed Forces over the fact that Zúñiga had still not made his resignation available to the president,[18] and sometime thereafter, he was summoned to government headquarters to be formally relieved of his post.[19]

Around 9:00 a.m., reports began trickling into the Ministry of Defense of troops being mobilized in six trucks, which Novillo thought was "not normal".[20] At twelve noon, he called to inform Arce that Zúñiga could not be contacted and that several military units were approaching La Paz. The president, who was at an event in El Alto, made his return to the Casa Grande del Pueblo – the presidential palace – where he met with Vice President David Choquehuanca and convened his cabinet.[21]

Military occupy the Plaza Murillo[edit]

Finally, at about half past two in the afternoon, armed troops began seizing control of Plaza Murillo, the political center of Bolivia, where both the executive and legislative branches are headquartered.[22] They were followed by a contingent of military vehicles.[23] María Nela Prada, minister of the presidency, recalled that Arce learned of the uprising when he inquired about sirens outside. "I go to the window and see military tanks taking over [the plaza]", she said.[20] Below, Eduardo del Castillo, minister of government, emerged from the palace to confront a vehicle parked at the gate. "Demobilize now!", he shouted as he banged on the car window.[23] He then returned inside and informed the president that Zúñiga was in one of the cars.[21]

From social media, Arce quickly denounced the "irregular mobilizations" and urged that democracy be respected.[24] Around the same time, he also contacted Morales to warn him of the coup d'état underway. Morales later stated the president "was nervous" during their two-minute conversation and claimed that he confronted Arce for both promoting Zúñiga and not removing him earlier.[25] Later on, Morales also took to social media to mobilize supporters against the coup.[24]

As the coup unfolded, Zúñiga arrived on the scene and began directing comments to reporters. "The three chiefs of the Armed Forces have come to express our dismay", he declared. Flanked by soldiers, the general assured that the military would "restore democracy" and insisted that their actions had popular support. "We are listening to the cry of the people", he affirmed, "look at what situation we are in, what crisis [the elite] have left us in".[26][27] Zúñiga went on to state that he would continue to recognize Arce as president "for now" but that there needed to be a new cabinet of ministers and the release of political prisoners.[28] Minutes later, at 3:49 p.m., an armored vehicle rammed the façade of the Palacio Quemado – the historical palace of government – destroying the main gate.[18][29] Masked soldiers led by Zúñiga proceeded to storm the entrance while yet more troops closed off the perimeter.[18][27]

External videos
Arce confronts Zúñiga
Bolivian national cockade
"In an extraordinary scene that would not have been out of place in a telenovela, President Arce faced down the leader of the so-called coup plot".[29]
video icon Discusión acalorada entre el presidente Luis Arce y el general Juan José Zúñiga

In a tense exchange inside the building, Arce confronted Zúñiga face-to-face, demanding the military return to its barracks: "... you are carrying out a coup against the Bolivian people! I will not allow it! If you respect yourself as a soldier, withdraw all your forces. It's an order!". Amid shouting, Arce asked if Zúñiga was "going to listen to [him]?". The general – surrounded by soldiers and flanked by the heads of the Air Force and Navy, Marcelo Zegarra and Juan Arnez – replied with a stern, "no". Arce then directed the same question to the other two commanding officers. Arnez echoed, "no", but Zegarra said, "yes". Footage of the event displayed Zúñiga leaving the building shortly thereafter.[30]

Zúñiga emerged from the Palacio Quemado shortly after 4:00 p.m. "We are withdrawing", he stated before boarding an idling vehicle, which transported him out of the plaza. Nonetheless, the siege remained in place as soldiers faced down law enforcement who attempted to dislodge them using tear gas.[31][32] The police corps hadn't joined the uprising;[33] although Police Chief Alvaro Álvarez was informed of the coup plot by its commanders, he had declined to participate.[21] The coup, by now, had started to stall, a fact Zúñiga later attributed to the delay of units arriving from Viacha and the lack of Air Force support.[34]

Resolution and military withdrawal[edit]

Back inside the palace, the only commander yet remaining was Zegarra, who – depending on the narrative – either faltered at the last minute or was unaware of the military's ultimate objective from the start.[35][36] Zegarra accompanied Arce back to the Casa Grande, where they held a short meeting.[36] "I insisted that he reflect [on] the consequences that could come", the president recounted.[37] Minutes later, Arce released a short video from his office, where he urged the populace to "mobilize against the coup d'état".[38] By that point, the Bolivian Workers' Center – the largest trade union in the country – had declared an indefinite nationwide general strike and called on labor groups to march on La Paz in defense of the government.[39] Around the same time, the crowd of protesters already forming outside the plaza was repressed by tear gas fire,[32] leaving at least twelve injured.[33]

As chaos reigned on the streets outside, the president hastily convened a ceremony to appoint new chiefs of the three armed forces. "Over the booming of tear gas being fired at pro-democracy protesters",[40] Arce swore in José Wilson Sánchez, Renán Ramírez, and Gerardo Zavala as heads of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, respectively. The commanding officer of the Armed Forces, Gonzalo Vigabriel, was implicitly ratified in his position, having remained loyal throughout the coup.[41] Sánchez then took to the stand and ordered all mobilized units to return to their barracks. Armored vehicles occupying the plaza pulled out within minutes, followed by several hundred soldiers. Police in riot gear quickly moved to cordon off the area around the palace.[26] "Almost as suddenly as they had arrived, the soldiers left", said The Economist.[40] In all, the botched putsch lasted around three hours.[5]

As the military threat subsided, crowds of supporters filled the plaza center in celebration, singing and waving flags.[26] From the balcony of the Casa Grande, Arce addressed cheering supporters, saying, "the only ones who can remove us from here are you".[20] "Long live democracy", he shouted.[28]



https://www.la-razon.com/nacional/2024/06/30/el-miercoles-que-las-tanquetas-volvieron-a-la-plaza-murillo/

https://www.la-razon.com/nacional/2024/06/30/la-trama-segun-zuniga/

https://www.la-razon.com/politico/2024/06/30/el-zunigazo-lo-que-paso-y-lo-que-deja/

https://eldeber.com.bo/pais/zuniga-unio-a-jefes-militares-personal-pasivo-y-pachajchos-para-asaltar-palacio-quemado_374638

https://eldeber.com.bo/pais/es-el-momento-de-tomar-el-poder-asi-informo-zuniga-su-intencion-de-llegar-a-palacio-quemado_374660

https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/la-operaci%C3%B3n-militar-de-zu%C3%B1iga-estaba-destinada-al-fracaso%2C-coinciden-expertos-en-bolivia/82018160

https://www.noticiasfides.com/nacional/politica/tres-horas-de-toma-militar-de-intento-de-golpe-a-la-acusacion-de-zuniga-a-arce-de-autogolpe

https://www.jornada.com.mx/noticia/2024/06/28/mundo/evo-morales-pide-investigar-intento-de-golpe-de-estado-en-bolivia-9887

https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c288eewr1wko

https://apnews.com/article/bolivia-coup-attempt-detained-zuniga-arce-e4e8f20fe61f6a61ffc54fe15f556798

https://www.la-razon.com/nacional/2024/06/28/procurador-5/


https://eldeber.com.bo/pais/desde-francotiradores-hasta-lista-de-gabinete-de-zuniga-gobierno-revela-planes-del-sublevado_374612


https://www.reuters.com/pictures/pictures-failed-bolivia-coup-attempt-after-military-assault-presidential-palace-2024-06-27/43SZBSHMZVJJTM6JTQFW2YOI7Y/

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-06-26/bolivia-presidential-palace-stormed-in-apparent-coup-attempt?srnd=homepage-americas

Aftermath[edit]

Immediate aftermath and repercussions[edit]

The newspaper El Deber reported an atmosphere of "tense calm" in La Paz the morning after the coup.

https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/la-plaza-murillo%2C-en-calma-relativa%2C-48-horas-despu%C3%A9s-del-%22intento-de-golpe%22-en-bolivia/82122900

The coup was a momentary return to military adventurism not seen in Bolivia since the 1980s, with many historians and analysts labelling it a fiasco bordering farce.

Allegations of government involvement[edit]

https://www.clarin.com/mundo/medio-golpe-bolivia-presidente-luis-arce-admitio-llamo-peor-enemigo-evo-morales_0_OAV0SjvZ8C.html

https://correodelsur.com/opinion/20240627_asonada-militar-un-poco-de-historia.html

https://apnews.com/article/bolivia-military-coup-arce-zuniga-arrest-568a17444e3356bce9812b7979e933f4

https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/27/heads-of-bolivias-army-and-navy-sacked-and-arrested-over-failed-coup

https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2024-06-27/protesters-rally-in-bolivia-boosting-the-president-and-denouncing-the-thwarted-military-coup

https://apnews.com/article/bolivia-coup-army-president-luis-arce-7d15ca2b18202842b2f615594cc950fd

https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/bolivias-attempted-coup-dueling-versions-happened-raises-worries-comes-rcna159280

https://www.noticiasfides.com/nacional/politica/gobierno-detecto-plan-de-zuniga-en-mayo-y-dice-que-se-requeria-un-quebrantamiento-para-intervenir

https://www.noticiasfides.com/nacional/seguridad/zuniga-en-entrevista-policial-ratifica-que-arce-autorizo-salida-de-tanquetas-y-que-novillo-sabia

https://jornada.com.bo/la-operacion-militar-de-zuniga-estaba-destinada-al-fracaso-coinciden-expertos/

https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/06/28/bolivia-president-coup-arce-interview/5b7f25de-35af-11ef-872a-1d22f44a0d95_story.html

The president told me that the situation was fucked up ... [and that] "it is necessary to prepare something to raise my popularity".

— Juan José Zúñiga, former commanding general of the Army

Reactions[edit]

Domestic reactions[edit]

Former presidents Carlos Mesa and Jorge Quiroga condemned the coup, stressing that the government could only be removed through the ballot box. Despite Zúñiga's overtures towards the release of political prisoners,[42] both Jeanine Áñez and Luis Fernando Camacho – each incarcerated for their roles in the 2019 crisis – also repudiated the military's actions. Journalist Angus McNelly reported that "everyone was apparently against Zúñiga".[29]

International reactions[edit]

The coup was met with swift international condemnation, with heads of state of several neighboring Latin American states – including Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Paraguay, and Venezuela, among others – expressing support for and solidarity with the incumbent democratic government.[43] The prime minister of Spain, Pedro Sánchez, also categorically condemned the coup d'état.[44] The European Union, as well as other international organizations, such as the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States and the Organization of American States, expressed concern over the ongoing state of affairs,[45] while the United States stated that it was "closely monitoring the situation".[46] In contrast, the government of Javier Milei in Argentina denied the coup's authenticity and endorsed the narrative of a "fraudulent" self-coup.[47] In response, Bolivia recalled its ambassador in Buenos Aires for consultation.[48]

The Organization of American States met for its annual General Assembly the day after the coup, where it issued a unanimous resolution expressing "serious concern" over the previous day's events. The document denounced the coup plotters for their "flagrant insubordination", stating that the military uprising "constitute[d] a threat to the constitutional regime of the Plurinational State of Bolivia". Héctor Arce, the Bolivian ambassador to the organization, thanked the body for its support, adding that "strong international condemnation" was one reason the coup ultimately failed.[49]

Investigation and criminal proceedings[edit]

https://eldeber.com.bo/pais/como-amanecio-la-ciudad-de-la-paz-tras-el-intento-de-golpe-de-estado-fallido_374375

https://www.bbc.com/mundo/articles/cne4787lpnzo

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ EFE 9 October 2022.
  2. ^ Reuters 6 December 2009.
  3. ^ 20 minutos 27 June 2024.
  4. ^ BBC News 27 June 2024.
  5. ^ a b The Hill 26 June 2024.
  6. ^ Associated Press 22 June 2024.
  7. ^ Foreign Policy 13 February 2023.
  8. ^ The Guardian 4 October 2023.
  9. ^ Los Angeles Times 30 December 2023.
  10. ^ Americas Quarterly 30 May 2024.
  11. ^ El País 30 May 2024.
  12. ^ Noticias Fides 25 June 2024, "'Ese señor no puede volver a ser más presidente de este país', resaltó Zúñiga ... 'Si el caso amerita, yo creo que sí [lo detendríamos]'".
  13. ^ La Razón 26 June 2024.
  14. ^ El Deber 25 June 2024.
  15. ^ El Día 26 June 2024, "'Yo sigo todavía de comandante [del Ejército] ...' acotó".
  16. ^ ERBOL 26 June 2024.
  17. ^ PBS News 28 June 2024.
  18. ^ a b c El Deber 27 June 2024.
  19. ^ El Deber 26 June 2024.
  20. ^ a b c The Washington Post 26 June 2024.
  21. ^ a b c SWI swissinfo 28 June 2024.
  22. ^ ABI 26 June 2024.
  23. ^ a b UNITEL 26 June 2024.
  24. ^ a b Anadolu Agency 26 June 2024.
  25. ^ Noticias Fides 28 June 2024.
  26. ^ a b c ABC News 26 June 2024.
  27. ^ a b USA Today 26 June 2024.
  28. ^ a b Al Jazeera 26 June 2024.
  29. ^ a b c NACLA Report 28 June 2024.
  30. ^ Correo del Sur 27 June 2024, "¡Cuidado estés haciendo un golpe contra el pueblo boliviano! ¡No te lo voy a permitir! Si usted se respeta como militar, repliegue a todas sus fuerzas. ¡Es una orden general!".
  31. ^ Los Tiempos 26 June 2024.
  32. ^ a b La Razón 27 June 2024.
  33. ^ a b The New York Times 27 June 2024.
  34. ^ Yahoo! News 27 June 2024.
  35. ^ Correo del Sur 27 June 2024.
  36. ^ a b El Deber 29 June 2024.
  37. ^ SWI swissinfo 28 June 2024, "[Arce] encaró a Zegarra, de la fuerza Aérea. 'Él dubitó y le insistí en que reflexione y que vea las consecuencias que podían llegar'".
  38. ^ El País 27 June 2024, "Rodeado por sus ministros, [Arce] señalaba: 'Necesitamos que el pueblo se movilice contra el golpe de Estado'".
  39. ^ Noticias Fides 26 June 2024.
  40. ^ a b The Economist 27 June 2024.
  41. ^ El País 27 June 2024.
  42. ^ El Diario 27 June 2024.
  43. ^ France24 27 June 2024.
  44. ^ Infobae 27 June 2024.
  45. ^ Deutsche Welle 26 June 2024.
  46. ^ Reuters 27 June 2024b.
  47. ^ Clarín 30 June 2024.
  48. ^ CN͠N 1 July 2024.
  49. ^ EFE 27 June 2024.

Works cited[edit]


  • (in Spanish). {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Krisgabwoosh/Electoral history.


Category:2020s coups d'état and coup attempts Category:21st century in La Paz Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2024 Category:Attacks on government buildings and structures in South America Category:Attempted coups in Bolivia Category:June 2024 events in Bolivia [[:Category:]] [[:Category:]]

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