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Xerosydryle is a new class of materials, solid at ambient pressure and temperature, deriving from the supramolecular organization of liquid water. The fundamental molecular constituent of xerosydryle is water (H2O), and it is found in liquid water, mixed with it. It has been observed aggregated in small volumes (domains), and it can be separated from liquid water and accumulated in clumps, with the appropriate techniques. The accumulated clumps of xerosydryle appear as a white-ish fluffy, dry substance, stable over time and at high temperature: it can be heated up to 950°C and preserve 10 - 30% of the initial mass. The clumps of dry xerosydryle, once separated, are easily soluble back in water [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11].


Hystorical background

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As early as late 1960s and early 1970s, the researcher Drost-Hansen reported the first observations of a different behavior of water molecules close to the walls of its container later called exclusion zone, collecting findings of many earlier experiments [12] [13]. In 1986 Deryagin and his colleagues observed an exclusion zone next to the walls of biological cells [14].

In 2006 the group of Gerald Pollack reported their observations, and used for the first time the term exclusion zone. They observed that the particles of colloidal and molecular solutes suspended in aqueous solution are excluded from a layer of volume next to hydrophilic surfaces [15]. The exclusion zone has been observed and characterized by several independent groups since those early observations [16][17][18].

Starting from 2013 the research group of Vittorio Elia and Roberto Germano, following the path of their preceding research, and in collaboration with other international researchers, reproduced also the observations of the exclusion zone done by Gerald Pollack, and extended that research, developing a protocol to separate and collect a dry residual from pure water, after putting it in contact with different hydrophilic materials (see preparation techniques). They have advanced the hypothesis that the clumps of white solid material that they can extract from pure water consists of clumps of the same supramolecular structures of pure water that constitute the exclusion zone [8] [10]. They have named this class of materials Xerosydryle [19].

Theoretical model

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The generation of these sovramolecular H2O nanoclusters that are solid at ambient pressure and temperature is faced by Roberto Germano [20] in the frame of the QED applied to the solid state physics, starting from the structure of the liquid water as derived by the quantum electrodynamical calculations shown by Emilio Del Giudice and his colleagues in 2013 [21].

In these calculations comes out that liquid bulk water has a two phase structure: one phase is in a gas-similar state with molecules that have weak bonds between them. The other phase is composed by small volumes in the bulk (called coherence domains) where the water molecules are in a different state, oscillating in phase among two energetic levels. This state (coherent state ) should be described by quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. The cloud of electrons of the water molecules superstructure oscillate between two quantum states: (a) a ground state, and (b) an excited state. In the excited state one electron per molecule has an higher energy and is almost free (with a binding energy of about 0.5 eV). This coherent state is a quantum superposition of the two states (a) and (b), and the quantum superposition has a component with coefficient 0.9 of the ground state, and a component with 0.1 of the excited state. The electrons in this quantum state oscillate between the ground state and the excited state with a certain frequency, and this oscillation creates an electromagnetic field, which is confined within the super-molecular structure, so that no radiation is observed. [21] [19].

Preparation techniques

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Here is the procedure to obtain the solid and dry xerosydryle. The start is ultrapure water. Then, a piece of hydrophilic material is immersed in the water. The material can be e.g. hydrophilic cotton, cellophane, Nafion. The water and the hydrophilic material are kept in a container for 15 or 30 minutes. The water is then squeezed away from the material, and released back in the container, with hands, wearing polyethylene gloves. The specimen of hydrophilic material is dried at room conditions, and a small sample of water is taken from the container, for measurements. After around 12 hours the cycle is repeated, immersing the sample in the water container, letting interact, and removing. The cycles are repeated for several tens of times [8][10].

Finally, to remove the liquid water, a process of lyophilization is applied, i.e. a cycle of freezing below the triple point and then drying by sublimation. After the lyophilization, a solid residue is collected. This solid residue can be as much as few grams per 1 liter of initial pure water, equivalent to some kg for m3 of initial pure water [11].


Excluding impurities as cause for the aggregate

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In all the experimental procedures, a great effort is taken in avoiding to contaminate the water. Moreover, many measurements are performed, and some arguments are presented, to exclude that the solid xerosydryle material extracted is somehow due to the impurities still present in the water sample.

  • A growth of the electric conductivity is measured in the water, while the subsequent cycles of interaction with the hydrophilic material are performed. This growth could be due to impurities theoretically coming from the material itself, e.g. ions (chemically inert materials are used, anyway). However in this case the number of dissolving ions should diminish exponentially. Since the increase of conductivity grows also after many cycles of interaction, this leads to exclude the impurities as cause [8][10][11].
  • Experiments have been performed using two techniques: (a) reusing the same sample of hydrophilic material for all the cycles, or (b) using a new sample for each cycle. The behavior of all the chemical and physical parameters measured are the same in the two cases. This also leads to the exclusion of pollutants from the hydrophilic material as cause of the phenomenon of xerosydryle generation [8][10][11].
  • The order of magnitude of the increase of the electric conductivity of the water, after the procedure of interaction with hydrophilic material is of the order of 103 up to 104: the electric conductivity of pure water, at the beginning, is about 1 or 2 μS/cm, and at the end of the cycles can reach values up to 7 x 103 μS/cm. To obtain a similar increase adding electrolytes, an amount of several grams per liter of electrolytic material would be needed. However, measurements of presence of electrolytes has been performed on the water at the end of the cycles, using ion chromatography. Those measurements report a presence of electrolytes lower than the detection limit, which is 0.1 mg per liter [10][11].
  • The electric conductivity of the sample, at the end of the interaction cycles, is monitored over long periods of time (more than two years), and large increases, decreases, and new increases of this parameter are observed. This behavior, and in particular the re-increase after the decrease, cannot be explained by the presence of impurities, since the specimen is kept in sealed containers. not assignable to impurities [10][11].
  • Some chemical-physical measurements, called conductometric titration and calorimetric titrations, can exclude that the data observed are due to the presence of impurities [8][10][11], and other analytical measurements, such as mass spectrometry.

Notes

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  1. ^ Elia, V.; Ausanio, G.; De Ninno, A.; Gentile, F.; Germano, R.; Napoli, E.; Niccoli, M. (2013). "Experimental evidence of stable aggregates of water at room temperature and normal pressure after iterative contact with Nafion polymer membrane,". WATER. 5: 16–26.
  2. ^ Elia, V.; Ausanio, G.; De Ninno, A.; Gentile, F.; Germano, R.; Napoli, E.; Niccoli, M. (2014). "Experimental Evidences of Stable Water Nanostructures at Standard Pressure And Temperature Obtained by Iterative Filtration". WATER,. 5: 121–130.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  3. ^ Elia, V.; Germano, R.; Napoli, E. (2015). "Permanent Dissipative Structures in Water: The Matrix of Life? Experimental Evidences and their Quantum Origin". Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry,. 15: 559–571.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  4. ^ Germano, R. (2015). "Water's Permanent Dissipative Structures Quantum Origin And Life". Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine,. 34: 133–137.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  5. ^ Yinnon, T.A.; Elia, V.; Napoli, E.; Germano, R.; Liu, Z-Q (2016). "Water ordering induced by interfaces: an experimental and theoretical study". WATER. 7: 96–128.
  6. ^ Elia, V.; Yinnon, T.A.; Oliva, R.; Napoli, E.; Germano, R.; Bobba, F.; Amoresano, A. (2017). "Chiral micron-sized H2O aggregates in water: Circular dichroism of supramolecular H2O architectures created by perturbing pure water". WATER. 8: 1–29.
  7. ^ Elia, V.; Yinnon, T.A.; Oliva, R.; Napoli, E.; Germano, R.; Bobba, F.; Amoresano, A. (2017). "DNA and the chiral water superstructure". Journal of Molecular Liquids. 248: 1028–1029.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Elia, V.; Oliva, R.; Napoli, E.; Germano, R.; Pinto, G.; Lista, L.; Niccoli, M.; Toso, D.; Vitiello, G.; Trifuoggi, M.; Giarra, A.; Yinnon, T. A. (2018). "Experimental study of physicochemical changes in water by iterative contact with a natural hydrophilic polymer Cellulose: A comparison with the synthetic hydrophilic polymer Nafion". Journal of Molecular Liquids. 268: 598–609. doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2018.07.045.
  9. ^ Signanini, P.; Vessia, G.; Elia, V.; Napoli, E.; Germano, R. (2019). "A study on the changes in physical properties of demineralized water put in contact with porous hydrophilic materials: experimental evidences on metabrick material". Journal of Porous Media. 22: 1609–1625.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Elia, V.; Napoli, E.; Germano, R.; Oliva, R.; Roviello, V.; Niccoli, M.; Amoresano, A.; Naviglio, D.; Ciaravolo, M.; Trifuoggi, M.; Yinnon, T. A. (2019). "New chemical-physical properties of water after iterative procedure using hydrophilic polymers: the case of paper filter". Journal of Molecular Liquids. 296: 111808. doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111808.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Elia, V.; Napoli, E.; Germano, R.; Roviello, V.; Oliva, R.; Niccoli, M.; Amoresano, A.; Toscanesi, M.; Trifuoggi, M.; Fabozzi, A.; Yinnon, T. A. (2020). "Water perturbed by Cellophane: Comparison of its physicochemical properties with those of water perturbed with cotton wool or Nafion". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 146: 2073–2088. doi:10.1007/s10973-020-10185-0.
  12. ^ Drost-Hansen, Walter (1969). "Structure of water near solid interfaces". Industrial \& Engineering Chemistry. 61 (11): 10--47. doi:10.1021/ie50719a005.
  13. ^ Drost-Hansen, Walter (1973). "Phase transitions in biological systems: manifestations of cooperative processes in vicinal water". Annals of The Lyceum of Natural History of New York. 204: 100--112. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1973.tb30773.x.
  14. ^ Deryagin, BV; Golovanov, MV (1986). "Electromagnetic nature of forces of repulsion forming aureoles around cells". Colloid Journal of the USSR. 48 (2): 209--211.
  15. ^ Zheng, Jian-ming; Chin, Wei-Chun; Khijniak, Eugene; Pollack, Gerald H. (2006). "Surfaces and interfacial water: Evidence that hydrophilic surfaces have long-range impact". Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 127: 19–27. doi:10.1016/j.cis.2006.07.002.
  16. ^ Chen, Chi-Shuo; Chung, Wei-Ju; Hsu, Ian C; Wu, Chien-Ming; Chin, Wei-Chun (2012). "Force field measurements within the exclusion zone of water". Journal of biological physics. 38 (1): 113–120.
  17. ^ Huszàr, Istvàn N; Màrtonfalvi, Zsolt; Laki, Andràs Jòzsef; Ivàn, Kristòf; Kellermayer, Miklòs} (2014). "Exclusion-zone dynamics explored with microfluidics and optical tweezers". Entropy. 16 (8): 4322--4337.
  18. ^ Elton, Daniel C.; Spencer, Peter D.; Riches, James D.; Williams, Elizabeth D. (2020-07-17). "Exclusion Zone Phenomena in Water - A Critical Review of Experimental Findings and Theories". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21 (14): 5041. doi:10.3390/ijms21145041.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  19. ^ a b Elia, Vittorio; Napoli, Elena; Germano, Roberto; Naviglio, Daniele; Ciaravolo, Martina; Dal Poggetto, Giovanni; Caputo, Domenico; Oliva, Rosario; Yinnon, Tamar (2022). "New Physicochemical Properties of Liquid Water Resulting from Recurrent Contact with Hydrophilic Polymers. Characteristics of the Resulting Supramolecular Aggregates: The Xerosydryle". Water. 12. doi:10.14294/water.2021.2.
  20. ^ Germano, Roberto (2015). "Water's Permanent Dissipative Structures Quantum Origin And Life". Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 34: 133–137. doi:10.3109/15368378.2015.1036074.
  21. ^ a b V. Elia, R. Germano; C. Hison, E. Del Giudice (2013). "Oxhydroelectric Effect in bi-distilled water". Key Engineering Materials. 543: 455–459. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.543.455. Archived from the original on 2022-03-19. Retrieved 2022-03-19.


Category:Physical sciences Category:Physics

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