User:Renamed user hwnskdnrjwisdjs/sandbox
Total population | |
---|---|
c. 1,600,000[1] | |
Regions with significant populations | |
![]() 72.1% of the total Canary Islands population | |
Significant Canary Islander diaspora in | |
![]() | Total unknown |
![]() | 42,671[2][3] |
![]() | 40,602[4] |
![]() | 2,390[2] |
![]() | 1,600 |
Languages | |
Portuguese | |
Religion | |
Predominantly Roman Catholic (85%)[5] | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Azoreans, other Portuguese, Canarians |
Madeirans (Portuguese: madeirenses), are the people of the Madeira Islands, an autonomous region of Portugal near the coast of northwest Africa. The distinctive variety of the Spanish language spoken in the region is known as habla canaria (Canary speech) or the (dialecto) canario (Canarian dialect). The Canarians, and their descendants, played a major role during the conquest, colonization, and eventual independence movements of various countries in Latin America. Their ethnic and cultural presence is most palpable in the countries of Uruguay, Venezuela, Cuba and the Dominican Republic as well as the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico.
History
[edit]The original inhabitants of the Canary Islands are commonly known as Guanches (although this term in its strict sense only refers to the original inhabitants of Tenerife). They are most probably descendants of the Berber peoples of northern Africa.[6][7]
The islands were conquered by Castile at the beginning of the 15th century. In 1402, they began to subdue and suppress the native Guanche population. The Guanches were initially enslaved [citation needed] and gradually absorbed. As a result, genetic analyses of modern Canarians show mainly a mixture of European and North African genes, and low frequencies of sub-Saharan genes, with quite a lot of variation (see Ancestry).
After subsequent settlement by Europeans, the remaining Guanches were gradually assimilated by the settlers and their culture largely vanished. Alonso Fernández de Lugo, conqueror of Tenerife and La Palma, oversaw extensive immigration to these islands during a short period from the late 1490s to the 1520s from mainland Europe, mostly Castile and Portugal. At subsequent judicial enquiries, Fernández de Lugo was accused of favoring Genoese and Portuguese immigrants over Castilians.[8]
Ancestry
[edit]The native inhabitants of the Canary Islands hold a gene pool that is predominantly European and native Guanche. Guanche genetic markers have also been found recently in Puerto Rico and, at low frequencies, in peninsular Spain after later emigration from the Canary Islands.[9]
Population genetics
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Grancanaria197227_hg.jpg/220px-Grancanaria197227_hg.jpg)
Uniparental markers
[edit]The most frequent (maternal-descent) mtDNA haplogroup in Canary Islands is H (37.6%), followed by U6 (14.0%), T (12.7%), not-U6 U (10.3%) and J (7.0%). Two haplogroups, H and U6, alone account for more than 50% of the individuals. Significant frequencies of sub-Saharan maternal L haplogroups (6.6%) is also consistent with the historical records on introduction of sub-Saharan female slave labour in Canary Islands. However, some Sub-Saharan female lineages are also found in North African populations, and as a result, some of these L lineages could have been introduced to the Islands from North Africa.[10][11] A 2009 study of DNA extracted from the remains of aboriginal inhabitants found that 7% of lineages were haplogroup L, which leaves open the possibility that these L lineages were part of the founding population of the Canary Islands.[12] Sub-Saharan female lineages have been found in frequencies of 10% or more in some islands.
A 2003 genetics research article by Nicole Maca-Meyer et al. published in the European Journal of Human Genetics compared aboriginal Guanche mtDNA (collected from Canarian archaeological sites) to that of today's Canarians and concluded that "despite the continuous changes suffered by the population (Spanish colonization, slave trade), aboriginal mtDNA lineages constitute a considerable proportion [42–73%] of the Canarian gene pool". According to this article, both percentages are obtained using two different estimation methods; nevertheless according to the same study the percentage that could be more reliable is the one of 73%.[13]
Although the Berbers are the most probable ancestors of the Guanches, it is deduced that important human movements (e.g., the Islamic-Arabic conquest of the Berbers) have reshaped Northwest Africa after the migratory wave to the Canary Islands and the "results support, from a maternal perspective, the supposition that since the end of the 16th century, at least, two-thirds of the Canarian population had an indigenous substrate, as was previously inferred from historical and anthropological data."[14] mtDNA haplogroup U subclade U6b1 is Canarian-specific[15][14]
A 2019 genetics research article confirms that most lineages observed in the ancient samples have a Mediterranean distribution, and belong to lineages associated with the Neolithic expansion in the Near East and Europe (T,J,X…). This phylogeographic analysis of Canarian ancient mitogenomes, the first of its kind, shows that some lineages are restricted to Central North Africa (H1cf, J2a2d and T2c1d3), while others have a wider distribution, including both West and Central North Africa, and, Europe and the Near East.[16]
Ancient Canarians
[edit]The Guanches are related to the indigenous Berbers. In 2017, the first genome-wide data from the Guanches confirmed a North African origin and that they were genetically most similar to ancient North African Berber peoples of the nearby North African mainland. It also showed that modern inhabitants of Gran Canaria carry an estimated 16%–31% Guanche autosomal ancestry.[17]
Culture
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Salto_del_Pastor_04.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Demostraci%C3%B3n_de_silbo_gomero%2C_La_Gomera%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-12-14%2C_DD_01.jpg/170px-Demostraci%C3%B3n_de_silbo_gomero%2C_La_Gomera%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2012-12-14%2C_DD_01.jpg)
Modern-day Canarian culture is Spanish, with some Guanche influences. Some of the Canarian traditional sports such as lucha canaria ("Canarian fight"), juego del palo ("stick game") or salto del pastor ("shepherd's jump"), among others, have their roots in Guanche culture. Additionally, other traditions include Canarian pottery, words of Guanche origin in the Canarian speech and the rural consumption of guarapo gomero and gofio. The inhabitants of La Gomera also retain an ancient way of communicating across deep ravines by means of a whistled speech called Silbo Gomero, which can be heard up to 3 km (2 miles) away.[18] This indigenous whistled language was invented by the Guanches, and was then adopted by the Spanish settlers in the 16th century after the Guanches were culturally assimilated into the population. The language was also formerly spoken on El Hierro, Tenerife and Gran Canaria[19][18]
The holidays celebrated in the Canary Islands are of international, national and regional or insular character. The official day of the autonomous community is Canary Islands Day on 30 May. The anniversary of the first session of the Parliament of the Canary Islands, based in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, held on 30 May 1983, is commemorated with this day. The most famous festival of the Canary Islands is the carnival. The carnival is celebrated in all the islands and all its municipalities, perhaps the two busiest being those of the two Canarian capitals; the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Tourist Festival of International Interest) and the Carnival of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. It is celebrated on the streets between the months of February and March. But the rest of the islands of the archipelago have their carnivals with their own traditions among which stand out: The Festival of the Carneros of El Hierro, the Festival of the Diabletes of Teguise in Lanzarote, Los Indianos de La Palma, the Carnival of San Sebastián de La Gomera and the Carnival of Puerto del Rosario in Fuerteventura.
The strong influence of Latin America in Canarian culture is due to the constant emigration and return over the centuries of Canarians to that continent, chiefly to Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Venezuela. To a lesser extent, they also went to the US states of Louisiana (mostly the southern portion) and Texas (mostly in and around San Antonio), and some areas in eastern Mexico including Nuevo León and Veracruz.[20]
Religion
[edit]Catholic Church
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/LagunaCathedral134.jpg/170px-LagunaCathedral134.jpg)
The majority of native Canary Islanders are Roman Catholic with various smaller foreign-born populations of other Christian beliefs such as Protestants from northern Europe.
The appearance of the Virgin of Candelaria (Patron of Canary Islands) was credited with moving the Canary Islands toward Christianity. Two Catholic saints were born in the Canary Islands: Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur[21] and José de Anchieta.[22] Both born on the island of Tenerife, they were respectively missionaries in Guatemala and Brazil.
The Canary Islands are divided into two Catholic dioceses, each governed by a bishop:
- Diócesis Canariense: Includes the islands of the Eastern Province: Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. Its capital was San Marcial El Rubicón (1404) and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (1483–present). There was a previous bishopric which was based in Telde, but it was later abolished.
- Diócesis Nivariense: Includes the islands of the western province: Tenerife, La Palma, La Gomera and El Hierro. Its capital is San Cristóbal de La Laguna (1819–present).
Other religions
[edit]Around 5 percent of Canarians belong to a minority religion. Separate from the overwhelming Christian majority are a minority of Muslims who are usually foreign-born.[23] At present, there are in the Canary Islands a figure of approximately 70,000 Muslims and 40 mosques and places of worship throughout the archipelago.[24]
Among the followers of Islam, the Islamic Federation of the Canary Islands exists to represent the Islamic community in the Canary Islands as well as to provide practical support to members of the Islamic community.[25]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/DelacroixTrapper1941WolcottB.jpg/220px-DelacroixTrapper1941WolcottB.jpg)
Statistics
[edit]The distribution of beliefs in 2012 according to the CIS Barometer Autonomy was as follows:[26]
- Catholic 84.9%
- Atheist/Agnostic/Unbeliever 12.3%
- Other religions 1.7%
Among the believers 38.7% go to religious services frequently.
Canarian diaspora
[edit]Historically, the Canary Islands have served as a hub between Spain and the Americas; favoured by that circumstance, large groups of Canary islanders have emigrated and settled all over the New World as early as the 15th century, mainly in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela and Uruguay.
Demographics
[edit]The Canarian population includes long-tenured and new waves of mainland Spanish immigrants, including Andalucians, Galicians, Castilians, Catalans, Basques and Asturians of Spain; old settlers of Portuguese, Italian, the Dutch or Flemish, British, and French origin, as well as recent foreign-born arrivals.[27] In 2019 the total population was 2,153,389, of which 72.1% were native Canary Islanders.[28] A total of 80.6%, or 1,735,457, were born in Spain and 19.4%, or 417,932, were born outside the country. Of these, the majority are from the Americas, mainly from Venezuela (66,573) and Cuba (41,792) and Colombia (31,368). There are 38,768 people from Africa, the majority from Morocco (24,268).[27][29]
Population history[30] | ||
---|---|---|
Year | Population | |
1768 | 155,763 | |
1787 | 168,928 | |
1797 | 173,865 | |
1842 | 241,266 | |
1860 | 237,036 | |
1887 | 301,983 | |
1900 | 364,408 | |
1920 | 488,483 | |
1940 | 687,937 | |
1960 | 966,177 | |
1981 | 1,367,646 | |
1990 | 1,589,403 | |
2000 | 1,716,276 | |
2010 | 2,118,519 | |
2011 | 2,082,655[31] | |
2019 | 2,152,590[1] |
Population of the Canary Islands 2019 | |||
---|---|---|---|
Birthplace | Population | Percent | |
![]() |
1,553,517 | 72.1 | |
Other regions (Spain) | 176,302 | 8.2 | |
Total, Spain | 1,735,457 | 80.6 | |
Foreign-born | 417,932 | 19.4 | |
Americas | 201,257 | 9.3 | |
Venezuela | 66,573 | - | |
Cuba | 41,792 | - | |
Colombia | 31,361 | - | |
Argentina | 17.429 | - | |
Uruguay | 8,687 | - | |
Rest of Europe | 154,511 | 7.2 | |
Italy | 39,469 | - | |
Germany | 25,921 | - | |
United Kingdom | 25,339 | - | |
Africa | 38,768 | 1.8 | |
Morocco | 24,268 | - | |
Asia | 23,082 | 1.1 | |
China | 9,848 | - | |
Oceania | 314 | 0.0 | |
Total | 2,153,389 | 100.0% | |
Source[29][28] |
Canarian identity
[edit]According to a 2012 study by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, when asked about national identity, the majority of respondents from the Canary Islands (49.3%) consider themselves Spanish and Canarian in equal measures, followed by 37.1% who consider themselves more Canarian than Spanish. Only 6.1% of the respondents consider themselves only Canarian.[32]
National Sentiment in the Canary Islands[32] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Only Spanish | 3.5% | ||
More Spanish than Canarian | 2.0% | ||
Equally Spanish and Canarian | 49.3% | ||
More Canarian than Spanish | 37.1% | ||
Only Canarian | 6.1% | ||
Did not answer | 2.0% |
Notable Canarians
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Augustin_de_Betancourt_in_Russian_attire%2C_1810s.jpg/170px-Augustin_de_Betancourt_in_Russian_attire%2C_1810s.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Photo_of_Benito_P%C3%A9rez_Gald%C3%B3s.jpg/170px-Photo_of_Benito_P%C3%A9rez_Gald%C3%B3s.jpg)
- Cristiano Ronaldo, footballer
- José Tolentino Mendonça, Catholic cardinal
- Herberto Hélder, poet
- Lourdes de Castro, artist
- Max, singer
- Baltazar Dias
- Alberto João Jardim
- Ireneu Barreto, judge
- João Rodrigues, sailor
- José Manuel Coelho
- Edgar Silva
- Virgílio Teixeira, actor
- Vânia Fernandes, singer
- Fátima Lopes, stylist
- Francisco and Henrique Franco
- Dionísio Pestana
- Jorge Jardim Gonçalves
- Joe Berardo
See also
[edit]- Berberism
- Canarian dialect
- Cubans
- Guanche language
- Isleños
- Nationalities in Spain
- White Puerto Ricans
- White Dominicans (Dominican Republic)
References
[edit]- ^ a b c "Estadística del Padrón Continuo. Datos provisionales a 1 de enero de 2019". 1 January 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ a b "How many Canarians in other countries". Archived from the original on 2012-08-03. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
- ^ "Canarians in Venezuela". Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
- ^ LA EMIGRACIÓN CANARIA A AMÉRICA A TRAVÉS DE LA HISTORIA. Manuel Hernández González
- ^ Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España
- ^ Maca-Meyer, Nicole; Arnay, Matilde; Rando, Juan Carlos; Flores, Carlos; González, Ana M.; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Larruga, José M. (February 2004). "Ancient mtDNA analysis and the origin of the Guanches". European Journal of Human Genetics. 12 (2): 155. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201075. ISSN 1476-5438.
- ^ Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo; Günther, Torsten; Krzewińska, Maja; Storå, Jan; Gillingwater, Thomas H.; MacCallum, Malcolm; Arsuaga, Juan Luis; Dobney, Keith; Valdiosera, Cristina; Jakobsson, Mattias; Götherström, Anders; Girdland-Flink, Linus (November 2017). "Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans". Current Biology. 27 (21): 3396. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.059.
- ^ History of La Palma
- ^ Maca-Meyer N, Villar J, Pérez-Méndez L, Cabrera de León A, Flores C (November 2004). "A tale of aborigines, conquerors and slaves: Alu insertion polymorphisms and the peopling of Canary Islands". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (Pt 6): 600–5. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00125.x. PMID 15598218. S2CID 14372404.
- ^ Rando JC, Cabrera VM, Larruga JM, et al. (September 1999). "Phylogeographic patterns of mtDNA reflecting the colonization of the Canary Islands". Annals of Human Genetics. 63 (Pt 5): 413–28. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.1999.6350413.x. PMID 10735583. S2CID 25089862.
- ^ Brehm A, Pereira L, Kivisild T, Amorim A (December 2003). "Mitochondrial portraits of the Madeira and Açores archipelagos witness different genetic pools of its settlers". Human Genetics. 114 (1): 77–86. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1024-3. hdl:10400.13/3046. PMID 14513360. S2CID 8870699.
- ^ Fregel R, Pestano J, Arnay M, Cabrera VM, Larruga JM, González AM (October 2009). "The maternal aborigine colonization of La Palma (Canary Islands)". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (10): 1314–24. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.46. PMC 2986650. PMID 19337312.
- ^ Ancient mtDNA analysis and the origin of the Guanches
- ^ a b Maca-Meyer N, Arnay M, Rando JC, et al. (February 2004). "Ancient mtDNA analysis and the origin of the Guanches". European Journal of Human Genetics. 12 (2): 155–62. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201075. PMID 14508507.
- ^ Pereira, L; MacAulay, V; Prata, M.J; Amorim, A (2003). "Phylogeny of the mtDNA haplogroup U6. Analysis of the sequences observed in North Africa and Iberia". International Congress Series. 1239: 491–3. doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(02)00553-8.
- ^ Rosa Fregel et al.: Mitogenomes illuminate the origin and migration patterns of the indigenous people of the Canary Islands
- ^ Ricardo Rodríguez-Varel et al. 2017, Genomic Analyses of Pre-European Conquest Human Remains from the Canary Islands Reveal Close Affinity to Modern North Africans
- ^ a b Laura Plitt (11 January 2013). "Silbo gomero: A whistling language revived". BBC News. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
- ^ "Whistled language of the island of La Gomera (Canary Islands), the Silbo Gomero". Fourth Session of the Intergovernmental Committee 2009 (4.COM). Retrieved 10 October 2014.
- ^ "El Porvenir | Opinión | Bernabé de las Casas". Archived from the original on 2009-04-12. Retrieved 2009-03-04.[full citation needed]
- ^ Pedro de San José Betancurt, Santo
- ^ José de Anchieta, Santo
- ^ Un 5% de canarios profesa una religión minoritaria
- ^ "Entrevista al Señor Tijani El Bouji Presidente de FIDC". Archived from the original on 2018-08-05. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
- ^ Los musulmanes de la Isla constituyen la primera Federación Islámica de Canarias
- ^ Barometro Autonómico del CIS Canarias (2012); preguntas 47 y 48
- ^ a b Suárez, Borja (25 June 2018). "El 91% de los nuevos habitantes de Canarias viene del extranjero". www.canarias7.es.
- ^ a b "Estadística del Padrón Continuo a 1 de enero de 2019. Datos a nivel nacional, comunidad autónoma y provincia (Canarias)". Retrieved 20 February 2020.
- ^ a b "Estadística del Padrón Continuo a 1 de enero de 2019. Datos a nivel nacional, comunidad autónoma y provincia". Retrieved 20 February 2020.
- ^ "Official census statistics of the Canary Islands population". Gobiernodecanarias.org. Archived from the original on 2010-03-26. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
- ^ Censos de Población y Viviendas 2011.
- ^ a b "Barómetro Autonómico (III), (Comunidad autónoma de Canarias)" (PDF) (in Spanish). Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-18. Retrieved 2019-09-23.