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The Kardashev scale is a general method of classifying how technologically advanced a civilization is, first proposed in 1964 by the Russian astronomer Nikolai Kardashev. It has three categories, based on the amount of usable energy a civilization has at its disposal and increasing logarithmically:

• Type I — A civilization that is able to harness all of the power available on a single planet, approximately 10¹⁶ W. The actual figure is quite variable; Earth specifically has an available power of 1.74×10¹⁷ W. Kardashev's original definition was 4×10¹² W. (Kardashev had originally defined Type I as a "Technological level close to the level presently attained on earth", "presently" meaning 1964.)
• Type II — A civilization that is able to harness all of the power available from a single star, approximately 10²⁶ W. Again, this figure is variable; the Sun outputs approximately 3.86×10²⁶ W. Kardashev's original definition was 4×10²⁶ W.
• Type III — A civilization that is able to harness all of the power available from a single galaxy, approximately 10³⁶ W. This figure is extremely variable, since galaxies vary widely in size. Kardashev's original definition was 4×10³⁷ W.

All such civilizations are purely hypothetical at this point. However, the Kardashev scale is of use to SETI researchers, science fiction authors, and futurists as a theoretical framework.

Usage and examples

Human civilization is currently somewhere far below Type I, as it is able to harness only a portion of the energy that is available on Earth. The current state of human civilization has thus been named Type 0. Although intermediate values were not discussed in Kardashev's original proposal, Carl Sagan argued that they could easily be defined by interpolating and extrapolating the values given above. He calculated humanity's current civilization to be 0.7. He used a power output of ~10TW and the formula:

$K={\frac {\log _{10}{W}-6}{10}}$

where K is a civilization's Kardashev rating and W is its power output in watts. Note that Roman numerals are still used for the integer part of a civilization's rating, while the fractional part is written in decimal.

A possible method by which Earth can advance to a Type I civilization is to begin the heavy use of ocean thermal energy conversion, wind turbines and tidal power to obtain the energy received by Earth's oceans from the Sun. However there is no known way to successfully utilize the full potential of Earth's energy production without complete coating of the surface with man made structures. In the near and medium future, this is an impossibility given humans' current lifestyle. We are, however, already "harnessing" Earth's production through our dependence upon ecosystem services, which may prove more efficient and sustainable than our own technology well into the future. If we choose never to fully substitute synthetics for nature's services on this planet, we may still achieve a Type I civilization by assuring that Earth's ecosystem services are maximally functional.

A hypothetical Type II civilization might employ a Dyson sphere or other similar construct in order to utilize all of the energy output by a star, or perhaps more exotic means such as feeding stellar mass into a black hole to generate usable energy. Alternatively, it may occupy a large number of solar systems, absorbing a small but significant fraction of the output of each individual star. A Type III civilization might use the same techniques employed by a Type II civilization, applied to all of the stars of one or more galaxies individually, or perhaps might use other mechanisms not yet proposed.

A common and recognisable example of a fictional civilization capable of entering a Type III level is the Galactic Empire which is featured in many works of space opera. These civilizations utilise energy on a massive scale, generally being in between Type II and Type III.

Possible timeline

Humanity's current history indicates a timeline roughly shown here. These values are approximate, and include future predictions, from 0.8 onwards. They use Sagan's extrapolated version of the scale.

	Type 0 Development of Civilization
	0.25 (3 108 W) Roman Civilization	0.5 (1011 W) Industrial Revolution	0.6 (1012 W) 1891 to 1938 technological expansion	0.7 (1013 W) c. 2000: Nuclear Weapons and Fission power	0.8 (1014 W) c. 2100: Fusion power	0.9 (1015 W) c. 2200: Space elevators, the creation of an Ecumenopolis	Type 0 to Type I transition: Civilization self-destructs or achieves a Technological singularity
Trends:
$\Longrightarrow$	Increasing levels of technology, Up to 0.5, increasing levels of fragmentation, increasing energy usage, increasing area of habitation
$\Longleftarrow$	After 0.5, Decreasing levels of fragmentation

Function as a teleology

When transformed from a scale of energy use measurement into a predictive, or normative, description of desirable future technology the Kardashev scale becomes teleological: it predicts an "end of history". As a description of past and future human history it should be compared with the Marxist theory of modes of production which makes similar assertions about combinations of technological and social structures, albeit across a shorter time span.

Weakness by supposition?

Energy Consumption from 1989 to 1999

It has been argued that, because we cannot understand advanced civilizations, we cannot predict their behavior; thus, Kardashev's visualization may not reflect what will actually occur for an advanced civilization. This central argument is found within the book Evolving the Alien: The Science of Extraterrestrial Life.

It is also possible that the unique conditions on Earth allow for specific technologies to develop which would take many times longer for a civilization not having these conditions to achieve. The list of presumably unique conditions on Earth, and of related discoveries, is quite long. Some examples:

• The Hall-Heroult process and the Bayer process, if not discovered in the late 19th Century, might have led to a delay in the creation of aluminium-dependent technologies, such as aircraft and rocketry.
• The Moon produces tides, and offers some protection from asteroids, comets, and radiation.
• Many discoveries were essentially accidental, such as the discovery of penicillin. Others were based on a theoretical insight, such as the transistor.

It is possible that the conditions for the creation of hydrocarbons, coal, or natural gas would not exist on other planets. These fuels were essential for us to move past dependence upon wood and animal based energy systems. Although waterwheel, wind, and solar energy technologies existed, they were not developed further until suitable industrial techniques were found to produce better materials. These techniques consume massive amounts of energy, and therefore could not be powered by the unimproved technologies. A similar argument could be made that without fossil fuel technologies, more powerful technologies, such as nuclear reactors, could not develop.

Counter-argument: abundance of alternative sources

Human perception has a natural bias towards the known energy development paths of Human civilization. It must also be noted that during both the 1973 energy crisis and the 1979 energy crisis highly industrialized societies continued to function; many moved towards developing alternative energy technologies on a massive scale under the assumption that these could provide the energy needed to continue industrial and commercial processes should fossil fuel supplies be compromised in some critical way.

Given this development, it is possible that a society could develop without a stage where fossil fuel based energy production occurs. This version of Buckminster Fuller's argument on current solar income conforms with Paul Hawken's idea of restorative economy, stating that fossil fuel based energy production is not essential nor desirable given the effects and alternatives. Also, it must be noted that the principles behind the fuel cell were discovered by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1838, and were applied by Sir William Grove in 1843, before there was widespread usage of fossil fuels other than coal. This raises the possibility that for alien civilizations fuel cells could be used in place of hydrocarbon fuels. It was only in the 1850s that the first industrial petroleum extraction was started by Edwin Drake.

Civilization implications

File:HumanExpansion.jpg

Possible Kardashev Scale Expansion of Human Civilization from The Coming Dark Age

There are many historical examples of civilizations undergoing large-scale transitions, such as the Industrial Revolution. The transition between Kardashev scale levels could potentially represent similarly dramatic periods of social upheaval, since they entail surpassing the hard limits of the resources available in a civilization's existing territory. A common speculation suggests that the transition from Type 0 to Type I might carry a strong risk of self-destruction since there would no longer be room for further expansion on the civilization's home planet, similar to a Malthusian catastrophe for an example of such a speculation. Excessive use of energy without adequate disposal of heat, for example, could make the planet of a civilization approaching Type I unsuitable to the biology of the dominant life-forms and their food sources. If Earth is an example, then sea temperatures in excess of 35 °C would jeopardize marine life and make the cooling of mammals to temperatures suitable for their metabolism difficult if not impossible.

Some individuals have pointed to the faster upheaval of civilization periods as indicative of an upcoming change over to Type I civilization.

Contact constraints

For pre-Type I civilizations, it is costly to attempt contact with other more advanced civilizations because of the energy output needed. It has been predicted that in order to provide a reliable contact beacon of sufficient power to be noticeable to a Type II civilization, it must output such high energy levels that the cost would be around $1 billion in energy. As a result it has been suggested that civilization must advance into Type I before the energy required for reliable contact with other civilizations becomes sufficiently low that it does not drain a civilization's economic resources.

Once civilizations have discovered each others' locations, however, the energy requirements for maintaining contact and exchanging information can be significantly reduced through the use of highly directional transmission technologies. In 1974, the Arecibo Observatory transmitted a message toward the M13 globular cluster about 25,000 light-years away, for example, and the use of larger antennae or shorter wavelengths would allow transmissions of the same energy to be focused on even more remote targets. See SETI for extensive discussion of these possibilities.

Hypothetical extensions

The sub-Type I state that human civilization currently occupies was not originally included in the Kardashev scale but is now referred to as "Type 0" or by its K value using Sagan's logarithmic formula (described above).

Zoltan Galantai has defined a further extrapolation of the scale, a Type IV level which controls the energy output of the visible universe; this is within a few orders of magnitude of 10⁴⁵ W. Such a civilization approaches or surpasses the limits of speculation based on current scientific understanding, and may not be possible. Frank J. Tipler's Omega Point would presumably occupy this level, as would the Biocosm hypothesis. Galantai has argued that such a civilization could not be detected, as its activities would be indistinguishable from the workings of nature (there being nothing to compare them to).

However, Milan M. Ćirković has argued that "Type IV" should instead be used to refer to a civilization that has harnessed the power of its supercluster, or "the largest gravitationally bound structure it originated in". For the Local Supercluster, this would be approximately 10⁴² W.

In contrast to simply increasing the maximum power level covered by the scale, Carl Sagan suggested adding another dimension: the information available to the civilization. He assigned the letter A to represent 10⁶ unique bits of information (less than any recorded human culture) and each successive letter to represent an order of magnitude increase, so that a level Z civilization would have 10³¹ bits. In this classification, 1973 Earth is a 0.7 H civilization, with access to 10¹³ bits of information. Sagan believed that no civilization has yet reached level Z, conjecturing that so much unique information would exceed that of all the intelligent species in a galactic supercluster and observing that the universe is not old enough to effectively exchange information over larger distances. The information and energy axes are independent, so that even a level Z civilization would not need to be Kardeshev Type III.

Galantai Zoltan has defined a further extrapolation of the scale:

• Type IV: This is 10⁴⁶W; within a few orders of magnitude of the energy output of the visible Universe. Such a civilization approaches or surpasses the limits of speculation based on current scientific understanding, and may not be possible. Frank J. Tipler's Omega Point would presumably occupy this level, as would the Biocosm hypothesis. Zoltan has argued that such a civilization could not be detected, as its activities would be indistinguishable from the workings of Nature (there being nothing to compare them to).

Fictional extensions

These extensions are mainly used in science fiction. They are not "official" and may differ from source to source. For example, some authors would class a "Type IV" civilization as Type V instead, reserving Type IV for a civilization that controls a single supercluster (superclusters vary in size, but this would represent roughly 10⁴²W). Further examples of extensions of the scale follow:

• Type VI: Energy control over multiple universes; a power level that approaches infinite. Energy uses would typically start around 10⁶⁶W, if one would keep with the pattern of previous extensions (Types IV and V, for example).
  • The civilization may have gained the ability to alter physical laws across multiple universes
  • These civilizations can escape a dying universe, and thereby become eternal; it is possible that less advanced civilizations can do so as well.

• Type VII: Hypothetical status of a deity, able to create universes at will, using them as an energy source. Energy output would be virtually infinite, limited only by the number and size of universes created, possibly starting at roughly 10⁷⁶ or even 10¹⁰⁰W. This type of civilization would most likely be eternal, as creating universes would probably require the civilization in power be outside of the universe(s) they are creating. An example in science fiction of beings with energy usages in the range of Type VII is in Isaac Asimov's short story The Last Question.

Hypothetical futures

Science fiction, having extended these values has also provided guides for possible future changes associated with the fractionalized version of the Kardashev scale. One possible future is presented here. The majority of the assumptions presented here are derived from scientific literature. Nikolai Kardashev's article "On the Inevitability and the Possible Structures of Supercivilizations", where he explains that with increasing energy levels come increasing technology, decreasing cohesiveness, and varying likelihood of survival and contact, largely is a guide to this section. These civilizations and the changes within them are also referenced in Kardashev's papers "Cosmology and Civilization" and "Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations". The last framework for these explanations can be found at ENERGY AND CULTURE, chapter 15. This article provides a much more detailed explanation than that which exists here. It presents a theoretical way to describe trends within more advanced civilizations, along with a specific description of different civilization types. This section takes the article as a guide work, but not as a source, for any such derivation would be plagiarization of the specific descriptions of the different types of civilizations.

Type I

Kaku quotes Dyson as calculating that Earth will achieve a Type I civilization around the year 2200. This estimate is based on a simple extrapolation of the current development rate of Earth's energy budget.

	Type I Single Planetary Civilization
	Early (1016 W to 1019 W)			Middle (1020 W to 1023 W)			Late (1024 W to 1026 W) (debatable)
	near space colonization, near space industry, Asteroid mining, Planet Mining for fuels and energy Kaku: "Mark Twain once said, "Everyone complains about the weather, but no one does anything about it." This may change with a Type I civilization, which has enough energy to modify the weather. They also have enough energy to alter the course of earthquakes, volcanoes, and build cities on their oceans."			First Interstellar travel			Stress caused by size of civilization, at this point it can fragment into multiple planetary civilizations—reversion from single civilization early in type 1. Construction begins on a Dyson Sphere, Alderson disk, or Ringworld.
Trends:
$\Longrightarrow$	Increasing levels of technology, Increasing levels of space exploration, space based energy sources increase, offworld civilization centers increase, increasing energy usage, increasing area of habitation
$\Longleftarrow$	Decreasing levels of centrality, societies and civilizations increasingly are not the same, due to time differences breaking single social bonds

Type II

According to Kaku, Kardaschev has estimated the development of such a civilization at the year 5200, based on the assumption that energy usage grows exponentially at 1% per year.

	Type II Civilization has extended to the entire Solar System
	Early (1026 W to 1029 W)			Middle (1030 W to 1033 W) (debatable)			Late (1034 W to 1036 W) (debatable)
	Dyson Sphere completion, Exploration and colonization of nearby star systems. Active SETI programs			star lifting and Shkadov thrusters, Planck scale particle accelerators			Stress caused by size of civilization, at this point it can fragment into multiple solar system based civilizations—reversion to single star based civilization early, Automated galactic or intergalactic colonization effort may begin using von Neumann probes
Trends:
$\Longrightarrow$	Increasing levels of technology, Exponential growth in stars that are colonized, centralized systems increasingly draw resources from further systems which have not had their resources harvested–– driving increased expansion
$\Longleftarrow$	Decreasing levels of centrality, increasing likelihood of fragmentation into single star systems if resources cannot be adequately transferred from central sources, resource based wars may reemerge after disappearance during Type I

Type III

According to Kaku, Kardaschev has estimated the development of such a civilization at the year 7800. However, Dyson has argued that relativity "may delay the transition to a Type III civilization by perhaps millions of years" due to the light speed limit.

	Type III Colonization of the Milky Way Galaxy has completed
	Early (1036 W to 1039 W) (debatable)			Middle (1040 W to 1043 W) (debatable)			Late (1044 W to 1046 W) (debatable)
	(Continued) colonization of nearby galaxies.			Highly hypothetical at this point, there are no proposals for this or higher levels.
Trends:
$\Longrightarrow$	Increasing levels of technology, centralized systems increasingly draw resources from further systems which have not had their resources harvested–– driving increased expansion
$\Longleftarrow$	Slow growth in galaxies that are colonized due to speed limitations, making centrality impossible

Type IV & up

	Type IV Colonization of the Local Supercluster, etc. Can escape the universe via creating a black hole.

Current values

International Energy Agency past and projected values for planetary power production yield these corresponding Kardashev scale estimates:

Year	Energy production				Fractional Kardashev scale equivalent
	exajoules/year	terawatts	Quads	mtoes
1900	21	.67	20	500	0.58
1970	190	6.0	180	4500	0.68
1973	260	8.2	240	6200	0.69
1985	290	9.2	270	6900	0.70
1989	320	10	300	7600	0.70
1993	340	11	320	8100	0.70
1995	360	12	340	8700	0.71
2000	420	13	400	10000	0.71
2001	420	13	400	10000	0.71
2002	430	14	410	10400	0.71
2004	440	14	420	10600	0.72
2010	510	16	480	12100	0.72
2030	680	22	650	16300	0.73

Literature describing different Kardashev Types

These categorizations are not firm, and are neither complete nor absolute. Most science fiction space opera writers do not specifically write their works with Kardashev classification in mind. Isaac Asimov's short story The Last Question covers many of the same themes as Kardashev's papers, in its descriptions of the future use of energy and entropy by human civilization; however it does not mention the scale, as it was written in 1956.

Type I

• Earth Alliance, from Babylon 5

• 3001: The Final Odyssey, by Arthur C. Clarke
• The Fountains of Paradise, by Arthur C. Clarke
• The Mars trilogy, by Kim Stanley Robinson
• The Empire of Man from the CoDominium universe, by Jerry Pournelle
• The Pierson's Puppeteers from Larry Niven's Known Space books. Their society consumes so much power that surface temperatures are maintained by waste heat, even after the planet is moved 1/10th of a light year away from its star. Power production must therefore be equivalent to the previous insolation.

Type II

• The World is Round, by Tony Rothman
• Ringworld, by Larry Niven
• Pandora's Star, by Peter F. Hamilton
• Minbari, from Babylon 5
• The Foundation Series, by Isaac Asimov
• The United Federation of Planets, from Star Trek
• Accelerando, by Charles Stross (featuring Matrioshka Brains)
• The Ancients-prior ascension, from Stargate SG-1
• The Forge of God, by Greg Bear
• The feudal empire from Dune, by Frank Herbert
• The Borg Collective introduced in Star Trek: The Next Generation.
• The People introduced in the Doctor Who New Adventures novel The Also People by Ben Aaronovitch.
• The territory of Eelong in the Pendragon Series by D. J. MacHaleutilizes all power from a belt of suns known as the Skaa.

Type III

• The Culture series, by Iain M. Banks
• The Uplift universe, by David Brin
• The Inhibitors of the Revelation Space universe, by Alastair Reynolds
• Star Wars' galactic-style civilization, by George Lucas
• Alternate universe aliens, from the episode Tunnel at the End of the Light of Gene Roddenberry's Andromeda
• Galaxia of The Foundation Series is a galaxy-spanning super-organism which combines all matter and energy in the galaxy into one being which is inherently capable of harnessing its own energy.
• In Star Maker by Olaf Stapledon. The stellar energy output of the whole galaxy is utilized by the Galactic Community of Worlds.
• Manifold: Time, by Stephen Baxter - in the distant future, descendants of humanity maintain vast Dyson nets around the supermassive black hole remnants of galaxies until they evaporate via Hawking radiation, accessing the energy equivalent of multiple galaxies

Type IV and Type V

• The Ancients-after ascension, from Stargate SG-1
• The Vorlons, from Babylon 5
• The Q Continuum, from Star Trek
• The Xeelee of the Xeelee Sequence, by Stephen Baxter
• The Gods Themselves, by Isaac Asimov (difficult to place this one.)
• Man, toward the end of The Last Question, by Isaac Asimov
• G-Man Half-Life series
• The Time Lords of Doctor Who
• The Humans of the year five billion and twenty three (from episode New Earth) Doctor Who
• The Lensman series by E. E. Smith
• The Skylark of Space series also by E. E. Smith
• The Dancers at the End of Time by Michael Moorcock - a past civilization is described which consumed all the energy in all the stars in the universe (saving Earth's own sun) in order to fuel an existence where the inheritors of the Earth lived as nigh-omnipotent gods.
• The Eternal Ones, from Star Control 3
• The backstory of The Dancers at the End of Time series by Michael Moorcock describes a civilization which consumed all the energy in all the stars in the universe, save Earth's own sun, in order to fuel an existence in which the inheritors of Earth lived as nigh-omnipotent gods.
• In the Doctor Who book The Gallifrey Chronicles, the Time Lord Marnal asserts "The Time Lords were the Type 4 civilization. We had no equals. We controlled the fundamental forces of the entire universe. Nothing could communicate with us on our level."
• The Reapers of the Mass Effect universe are modeled after the fictional Berserkers created by writer Fred Saberhagen. An advanced machine race, they wake every 50,000 years in order to purge the galaxy (and possibly other galaxies) of advanced sentience. This cycle has been active for an indeterminable amount of time, though it is speculated that it stretches at least one billion years heretofore. They have used technology that is beyond conventional understanding to physically control the paths by which life and society evolves and eventually ends. "They impose order on the chaos of organic evolution. [Organic life] exist[s] because they allow it, and [organic life] will end because they demand it."

Connections with sociology and anthropology

Kardashev's theory can be viewed as the expansion of some social theories, especially from social evolutionism. It is close to the theory of Leslie White, author of The Evolution of Culture: The Development of Civilization to the Fall of Rome (1959). White attempted to create a theory explaining the entire history of humanity. The most important factor in his theory is technology: Social systems are determined by technological systems, wrote White in his book, echoing the earlier theory of Lewis Henry Morgan. As measure of society advancement he proposed the measure energy consumption of a given society (thus his theory is known as energy theory of cultural evolution). He differentiates between five stages of human development. In the first stage, people use energy of their own muscles. In the second stage, they use energy of domesticated animals. In the third stage, they use the energy of plants (which White refers to as agricultural revolution). In the fourth stage, they learn to use the energy of natural resources - such as coal, oil and gas. Finally, in the fifth stage, they harness nuclear energy. White introduced a formula P=E×T, where E is a measure of energy consumed, and T is the measure of efficiency of technical factors utilising the energy.

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See also

• Alternative biochemistry
• Amara's law
• Anthropic principle
• Astrosociobiology
• Clarke's three laws
• Drake equation
• Earth's energy budget
• Fermi paradox
• History of science and technology
• Rare Earth hypothesis
• Timeline of fictional future events
• Technological singularity
• Omega Point

References

• Energy Consumption of Europe
• Wind Powering America
• Clean Energy for Planetary Survival: International Development Research Centre
• LBL Scientists Research Global Warming
• E³ Handbook
• Clarke H2 energy systems
• Holdren, John P. (2003). "Environmental Change and the Human Condition" (PDF). Bulletin Fall. pp. 24–31. Retrieved 2006-08-10. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Types Of Civilizations A Look Into A Human Perspective
• Dordrecht, D. (1985). "Exponential Expansion: Galactic Destiny or Technological Hubris?". In B. R. Finney, M. D. Papagiannis (ed.). The Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Recent Developments. Reidel Publ. Co. pp. 465–463.
• "Energy Conversions and Equivalencies". Retrieved 2006-05-26. - 404 error as of last access date
• "Key World Energy Statistics" (PDF). International Energy Agency. 2004. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
• Shkadov Thruster
• Technological Spiral -- alternative view to civilization development timescales
• Korotayev A., Malkov A., Khaltourina D. Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth. Moscow: URSS, 2006. ISBN 5-484-00414-4 [1].

External links

• Kardashev civilizations
• Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities
• Flash Animation on Civilizations