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Pinus virginiana
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Pinophyta
Class:	Pinopsida
Order:	Pinales
Family:	Pinaceae
Genus:	Pinus
Subgenus:	Pinus
Species:	P. virginiana
Binomial name
Pinus virginiana Mill.
Natural range

Pinus virginiana (Virginia pine, scrub pine, Jersey pine) is a medium-sized tree, often found on poorer soils from Long Island in southern New York south through the Appalachian Mountains to western Tennessee and Alabama. The usual size range for this pine is 9–18 m, but can grow taller under optimum conditions. The trunk can be as large as 0.5 m diameter. This tree prefers well-drained loam or clay, but will also grow on very poor, sandy soil, where it remains small and stunted. The typical life span is 65 to 90 years.

The short (4–8 cm), yellow-green needles are paired in fascicles and are often twisted. Pinecones are 4–7 cm long and may persist on the tree for many years, often (though not always) releasing their seeds in the second year. In growth habit, some trees may be inclined with twisted trunks.

This pine is useful for reforesting and provides nourishment for wildlife. Its other main use is on Christmas tree farms, despite having sharp-tipped needles and yellowish winter color. It also can provide wood pulp and lumber. Like some other southern yellow pines, Virginia Pine lumber case hardens. That is it becomes very hard over time during wood drying. Wood from Virginia pine is not normally considered to resist rot unless treated with preservatives. virginiana Category:Trees of the Eastern United States Category:Endemic flora of the United States Category:Flora of the Appalachian Mountains Category:Trees of the Northeastern United States Category:Trees of the Southeastern United States Category:Flora of Virginia

Category:Garden plants of North America Category:Plants used in bonsai Category:Ornamental trees

Introduction

Pinus virginiana is a species of Pine^. Common names for the Pinus virginiana are the Virginia, Scrub and Jersey Pine Pinus virginiana has the following synonyms, Pinus inops, Pinus ruthenica and Pinus turbinate^. Pinus virginiana is a species in the order Pinales and the family Pinaceae. Pines are an evergreen tree. In general, pine trees were thought to have arisen anywhere from 153.1 million years ago to 271 million years ago. Pinus virginiana is a perennial tree, which means that it lives for numerous years. They are also gymnosperms. Gymnosperms produce seeds, but they do not protect these seeds with an ovary or with fruit and they lack flowers.

Description

Pinus virginiana is a distinct pine in the United States and can be identified by a key characteristic the relatively short needles are twisted and come in bunches of two. The needles are typically are two to eight centimeters in length. There is hair on the bracts and on the bud scales of the P. virginiana. The leaf sheath of the P. virginiana is greater than 2.5 millimeters long. The cones of the P. virginiana only open after they are mature. The branches of the Pinus virginiana are flexible. They will bend when pressure is added to them. Pinus virginiana are between 9 and 18 meters tall. The bark of P. virginiana is red and brown in color, and also has the tendency to be rough with relatively small bark scales. The pollen cones are circular, almost elliptical and are 10-20 millimeters in size. They are the same color as the bark, typically. Seed cones are spread throughout the tree. The mature seed cones (4-7 cm) are much larger than the pollen cones. The P. virginiana prefers to grow in poor soils and dry loam or clay. They can grow on sandy soil, but this usually causes the tree to be smaller than the average P. virginiana.

Taxonomy

Pinus virginiana is in the family Pinaceae and the order Pinales. Pinus virginiana has sister taxa, that are most closely related to it, Pinus clausa, Pinus contorta and Pinus banksiana. Pinus banksiana has shorter needles than P. viginiana at 2-3.5 centimeters in length, whereas P. virginiana is 2-8 centimeters in length. P. banksiana needls are not twisted, but curved, and has cones that are serotinous and unarmed. The leaf sheaths in P. banksiana are less than 2.5 millimeters long. In P. virginiana the needles are twisted and straight. The cones open at maturity, are not serotinous and the scales on the cones have prominent prickles. The sheaths of the P. virginiana are greater than 2.5 millimeters long. Pinus clausa has larger needles than the P. virginiana. The Pinus clausa has needles that are between 5 and 13 centimeters long, P. virginiana has needles that range between 2 and 8 centimeters long. Pinus clausa is also serotinous. Lastly, one difference between Pinus virginiana and Pinus contorta is their distributions. Pinus virginiana are found on the eastern side of the United States, where as Pinus contorta are found in the western side of the United States. A similarity between Pinus virginiana and Pinus contorta is the condition of the needles: both sets of needles are twisted.

Distribution and Habitat

Pinus virginiana inhabit dry forested areas. The tree occurs in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Indiana, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware. In locations where the P. virginiana lives, rainfall is typically between 890 and 1400 millimeters. The average temperatures in the summer are between 21-24 degrees Celsius and in the winter it is around -4 to 4 degrees Celsius. Pinus virginiana is poorly adapted to fire, but if the tree is larger they are able to survive. Between the ages of 65-90 years they no longer reproduce, but they are able to live up to 150 years. The oldest recorded was 150 years old.

Ethnobotany

Cherokee Indians used P. virginiana medicinally. They used it for many symptoms like diarrhea, stiffness of the body, colds, fevers, hemorrhoids, tuberculosis, and constipation. Cherokee indians P. virginiana in different ways including, bathing in water that had been soaked in the bark, steams and oils, root and needle infusions, and for tar. They also used it in certain cultural rituals. In burial rituals P. virginiana branches were burned the branches, and use the ashes for a fire in their homes, they would infuse needles in apple juice and [null athletes][JB1]  would drink it. The Cherokee basically did that as a toast to the wind. They used the root infusions as as a stimulant and the needles were used as a soap.

Etymology

The etymology of the Pinus virginiana is as follows: Pinus is latin for Pine and virginiana means of Virginia.

Uses

Pinus virginiana was used historically as mine timbers, for railroad ties, and for fuel and tar. Currently, it is being planted as in reclamation sites for coal mining operations. Pinus virginiana can also be used for wood pulp, which is used to make paper, and for lumber^[3].

Conservation

On the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the Pinus virginiana is considered a species that is of least concern. It is a species of least concern due to relative commonness as a early successional species. In areas of abandoned farmland in the eastern US, P. virginiana tends to be common.

Gallery

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  Cone closeup
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  Cone and needles
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  Bark
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  Bark closeup
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  New growth and pollen cones

References

1.    Barker, Christine. "IPNI Plant Name Details." IPNI Plant Name Details. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2016. <http://ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=263413-1&back_page=%2Fipni%2FeditAdvPlantNameSearch.do%3Ffind_infragenus%3D%26find_isAPNIRecord%3Dtrue%26find_geoUnit%3D%26find_includePublicationAuthors%3Dtrue%26find_addedSince%3D%26find_family%3D%26find_genus%3Dpinus%26find_sortByFamily%3Dtrue%26find_isGCIRecord%3Dtrue%26find_infrafamily%3D%26find_rankToReturn%3Dall%26find_publicationTitle%3D%26find_authorAbbrev%3D%26find_infraspecies%3D%26find_includeBasionymAuthors%3Dtrue%26find_modifiedSince%3D%26find_isIKRecord%3Dtrue%26find_species%3D%26output_format%3Dnormal>

Earle, Christopher. "Pinus Virginiana (Virginia Pine) Description." Pinus Virginiana (Virginia Pine) Description. They Gymnosperm Database, 5 Dec. 2014. Web. 28 Oct. 2016. <http://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_virginiana.php>. Farjon, A. "Support the." Pinus Virginiana (Scrub Pine, Virginia Pine). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2013. Web. 30 Oct. 2016. <http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/42426/0>.

"Pinus Virginiana Mill." GBIF. GBIF, 25 July 2016. Web. 30 Oct. 2016. <http://www.gbif.org/species/5285091>. "Pinus Virginiana Mill." The Plant List. The Plant List, 2013. Web. 30 Oct. 2016. <[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2562256>.4 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2562256>.]

"Plants Profile for Pinus Virginiana (Virginia Pine)." Plants Profile for Pinus Virginiana (Virginia Pine). USDA, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2016. <http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PIVI2>.

Stevens, Peter. "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website." Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. N.p., 14 Oct. 2016. Web. 27 Oct. 2016. <http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/welcome.html>. Weakley, Alan S. "Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States." (2016): n. pag. Http://herbarium.unc.edu/FloraArchives/WeakleyFlora_2015-05-29.pdf. 21 May 2016. Web. 27 Oct. 2016. <http://herbarium.unc.edu/FloraArchives/WeakleyFlora_2015-05-29.pdf>.

"Pinus Virginiana." Pinus Virginiana. Delaware State University, n.d. Web. 03 Nov. 2016. <http://herbarium.desu.edu/arboretum/scientific_names/Pinus_virginiana/index.html>.

External links

• Flora of North America, Profile and map: Pinus virginiana
• Pinus virginiana images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu