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Templates

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cite

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list of Citation Style 1 templates

Most common:

Less common:

Even less common:

an example of a journal citation
{{cite journal | title = Used planet: A global history | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1217241110 | date = 14 May 2013 | last1 = Ellis | last2 = Kaplan | last3 = Fuller | last4 = Vavrus | last5 = Goldewijk | last6 = Verburg | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 110 | issue = 20 | pages = 7978–7985 | pmid = 23630271 | pmc = 3657770 | doi-access = free }}

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Amphibia

Gymnophiona (caecilians)

Batrachia
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Caudata (salamanders)

Anura (frog)

root

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Section title

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Messing Around

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Conway Tables

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Oscillators

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Period 2

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seed step 1 step 2

Still Life Seeds

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Block

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seed step 1

Content

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Plant identification

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Flowering vs naked seed

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Flowering plants are most plants. Simply, they are plants that flower. Gymnosperms ("naked seed") are basically every other seed-bearing plant. You can split them up into: conifers, cycads, the Ginkgo, and gnetophytes.

Monocots vs dicots

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The terms monocot ("one") and dicot ("two") refers to the number of leaves that emerge from the initial seed. Splitting up the angiosperms (flowering plants) into 64 orders, monocots constitute these 11 orders:

monocots

Acorales calamus (1 genus, 2 species)

Alismatales alismatids (14 families, 135 genera, ~4,500 species) mostly tropical or aquatic plants: arum lily, taro, duckweed, elephant foot yam, waterthyme

Petrosaviales (1 family, 2 genera, 4 species) found in dark montane forests of East Asia

Dioscoreales the yam order (3 families, 25 genera, 860 species) mostly vines or herbaceous species with tuberous roots with the fruit being a capsule or a berry: yams, arrowroot

Pandanales screw-pines (5 families, 36 genera, ~1,610 species) they have a subtropical distribution and include trees, shrubs, vines, and herbaceous plants: pandan, karuka nut, ʻieʻie, kiekie, screwpine

Liliales the lilly order (10 families, 67 genera, ~1,768 species) worldwide distribution of mostly herbaceous plants, but lianas and shrubs also occur: lillies, tulips, fritillaries, sarsaparilla, chinaroot, salsilla, quilineja, flame lily, greenbrier, naked ladies, mariposas, milkmaids, indian cucumber, wakerobins, copihue, supplejack

Asparagales asparagoid lilies (14 families, 1,122 genera, ~36,000 species) this a morphologically diverse order containing mostly herbaceous perennials with many geophytes. The presence of phytomelanin, a black pigment, in the seed coat is a defining characteristic in all except for the orchids: onion, garlic, leek, asparagus, vanilla, orchids, irises, agave, sisal, daffodils, joshua trees, amaryllis, aloe vera, snake plant, drago, lucky bamboo, dragon blood tree, cabbage tree, saffron, christmas bells, camas, spider plant, amole, bluebells, hyacinths, society garlic

commelinids

The reason dicots are not recognized as a taxonomical term is that it is paraphyletic, meaning the monocots should actually be thought of as a group within the dicots. A more accurate representation would look like this:

angiosperms

Amborellales (1) Amborella trichopoda

basal angiosperms

Nymphaeales (101) blue lotus, amazon water lily

Austrobaileyales (96) star anise, five-flavor berry

Chloranthales (73) herba sarcandrae, hutu

magnoliids
⊞(4 orders)
monocots
⊞(11 orders)

Ceratophyllales (5) coontail

eudicots
⊞(44 orders)

Ranunculales (5966) opium poppy, black cumin, california poppy, goldenseal

Proteales (1998) sacred lotus, american sycamore, coast banksia, waratah

Trochodendrales (2) tetracentron

Buxales (130) common box, japanese pachysandra

core eudicots

Gunnerales (65) giant rhubarb, resurrection plant

Dilleniales (524) elephant apple, golden guinea vine, katmon

superrosids

Saxifragales (3082) blackcurrant, gooseberry, american sweetgum, rhodiola

rosids
⊞(17 orders)
superasterids

Berberidopsidales (4) olivillo

Santalales (2488) european mistletoe, desert quandong, indian sandalwood, native cherry

Caryophyllales (13418) quinoa, venus flytrap, buckwheat, peyote

asterids
⊞(17 orders)
flowering plants

Seed pack review: Botanical Interests

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The pack contains 9 grams of seeds of 11 different species.

plant native habitat lifecycle taxonomy closest relatives
Borago officinalis
borage, starflower
It is native to Mediterranean regions of southern Europe associated with freshwater habitats. Borage is usually an annual herb though it can be biennial. It sprouts in 5-15 days and reach maturity in around 50-70 days. It self-seeds easily and can come back year after year. This can be avoided by picking the (edible) flowers regularly. Regular deadheading will also ensure blooms from late spring through summer. Often times, multiple flowers bloom simultaneously suggesting a large degree of self-pollination. There are around 5-6 species in Borago with Anchusa being a closely related genus.

It is a member of the Boraginaceae family which includes: borage, comfrey, forget-me-not, alkanet, heliotrope, lungwort

Tropaeolum minus
dwarf nasturtium
It is native to mountains and moist places of high elevation in South America (Peru and Ecuador). Dwarf nasturium is an annual to short-lived perennial plant. It germinates in 10-21 days and reaches maturity in 55-70 days. In richer soils it will grow lusher leaves but less flowers. There are around 95 species in Tropaeolum.

It is a member of the Tropaeolaceae family which includes: nasturtium, indian cress, mashua

Calendula officinalis
pot marigold, calendula, ruddles
It is probably native to southern Europe, but it's long history of cultivation makes its origins hard to figure out. It is naturalized in northern Europe and many temperate regions of the world. Despite being a perennial, it's usually cultivated as an annual in places with harsh winters or scorching summers. It is a short-lived perennial or annual that germinates in around 5-14 days and reaches maturity in around 44-56 days. Excess nitrogen causes excessive foliage, but less flowers. There are around 13 species in Calendula.

It is a member of the Asteraceae family which includes: aster, daisy, sunflower, composite, artichoke, marigold, yarrow, echinacea, dalia, chrysanth, gumweed, tumbleweed, thistle, dandelion, lettuce, chicory, yacón, safflower, chamomile, absinthe, tarragon, goldenrod, cornflower

C. arvensis

C. suffruticosa

C. officinalis

Centaurea cyanus
bachelor's button, cornflower
It is native to temperate Europe. They prefer more alkaline soils and full sun. Cornflowers are annuals. The seeds germinate in around 7-10 days, but can take 70-90 days to mature, usually blooming in late spring through fall. They easily reseed. There are about 772 species in the Centaurea genus.

It is also a member of Asteraceae (see above).

Foeniculum vulgare
fennel
short-lived perennial, annual There are about 3 species of Foeniculum which is closely related to the genus Ridolfia (false fennel), Anethum (dill), Ammi (bishop's weed), Petroselinum (parsley), and Apium (carrot).

It is a member of the Apiaceae family which includes: carrots, fennel, celery, parsley, anise, angelica, parsnip, lovage, cumin, dill, caraway, chervil, coriander, poison hemlock, myrrh, cicely, bishop's lace, yareta

Raphanus sativus
radish
annual, biennial There are about 3 species of Raphanus, but the genus is paraphyletic/invalid with many species from other genera being more closely related.

It is a member of the Brassicaceae family which includes: mustard, cabbage, crucifer, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, collard greens, savoy, gai lan, napa cabbage, bomdong, rapini, arugala, rocket, garden cress, watercress, wasabi, brussel sprouts, kohlrabi, turnup, radish, rapeseed, canola, horseradish, thale cress

Eruca vesicaria
arugala, rocket
annual There are about 5 species in Eruca.

It is also a member of Brassicaceae (see above).

Tagetes tenuifolia
signet marigold, golden marigold, lemon marigold
annual There are about 50 species in Tagetes.

It is also a member of Asteraceae (see above).

Ocimum basilicum
basil, great basil
annual There are about 65 species in Ocimum.

It is a member of the Lamiaceae family which also includes: mint, sage, deadnettle, basil, rosemary, savory, marjoram, oregano, hyssop, thyme, lavender, perilla, teak, coleus, chia, kaffir potato, bergamot, self-heal

Allium schoenoprasum
chives
perennial There are about 964 species in Allium.

It is a member of the Amaryllidaceae family which also includes: onion, garlic, chives, agapanthus, amaryllis, daffodil, snowdrop, snowflake, leek, scallion, shallot, society garlic, aztec lilly, paintbrush lily

Viola tricolor
johnny jump-ups, wild pansy, heart's ease, tickle-my-fancy, come-and-cuddle-me, jack-jump-up-and-kiss-me
short-lived perennial There are around 874 species in Viola.

It is a member of the Violaceae family which also includes: violet, pansy

Other seeds.

plant native habitat lifecycle taxonomy closest relatives
Raphanus sativus
Brassica oleracea
Anethum graveolens
Nepeta cataria
Zea mays

Collections

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Timelines

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