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Brown Bear in Sweden

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Sources

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Etymology

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The name for the brown bear is björn in the Swedish language. It is derived from Proto-Norse *bernuR[1] which became Old Swedish biorn, Danish björn and Icelandic bjǫrn; corresponding to Low German bar, Middle Dutch bere, Dutch beer, Old High German bero, German bär, Anglo-Saxon bera and English bear. Linguists surmise its origin is in an Indo-European adjective meaning the color brown.[2] The name is a noa-name replacing a now unknown original name in the Germanic languages that were taboo to mention.[3] Björn is also a Scandinavian male given name.[1]

History

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During the last glacial period, European brown bears surived in the Iberian peninsula and the Balkan peninsula Ice Age refugia. After the last glacial maximum bears from the Iberian peninsula migrated north creating a western mtDNA lineage in central and northern Europe. The still glaciated Alps prevented bears of the Balkans refugia moving into these areas until the end of the Würm glaciation. An eastern Eurasian mtDNA lineage, believed to originate in a refugium in the Carpathians, expanded into eastern and northern Europe.[4] The two lineages split about about 175,000 years BP. They again meet in a contact zone in the middle of Sweden. The southern population belongs to the western lineage migrating into Sweden from the south, while the northern population belongs to the eastern lineage migrating into Sweden from Finland and Russia.[5]

The medieval laws of Sweden considered the brown bear as vermin, who would have no peace.[6] The confrontation with humans lead to a steady decrease in the size of the bear population and at the beginning of the seventeenth century its range began to diminish. In the eighteenth century bears had disappeared from southern Sweden and by the middle of the next century, the total bear population contained about 1,600 individuals. The government wanted to exterminate the bear and large national and local bounties were paid for killed bears. From 1856 to 1893 bounties were paid for 2,605 bears, leading to a swift disapperance of the bear except from remote mountain areas. The tide was turned by the Swedish Hunters' Association and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences who wanted to preserve the bear as a feature of the Swedish fauna. The bounty system was repealed in 1893 and efforts to conserve the bear population was introduced.[7]

In 1910 bears in the National Parks became protected species; the right to hunt bear on other persons' land without permit were abolished in 1912; bears on Crown land became protected in 1913, and in the same year a restricted number of hunting licences began to be issued for the right to hunt bear on private land. In 1927 all bears killed while protecting humans or domestic animals were declared property of the Crown.[8] By 1930, about 180 bears had survived. In 1942, the population was estimated to contain 294 bears; regarded as a viable population size, license hunting on Crown land was introduced the following year. Continued growth lead to a Swedish bear population of about 700 individuals in 1994.[7]

In 2024 the Swedish bear population is estimated to contain 0000 individuals.

Distribution

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Brown bears are found in Sweden from central Värmland, northern Närke, Västmanland and Uppland and northwards.[9]

Behavior

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Home ranges

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Reproduction

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Dieatary habits

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Interspecific predatory relationships

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Bear hunting

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Research

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Culture

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b "Björn." Instituet för språk och folkminne. Retrieved Sept. 7, 2024.
  2. ^ "Björn." Svenska akademiens ordbok. Retrieved Sept. 7, 2024.
  3. ^ Sjölinder, Elina (2020). "Beundrad björn bär bredd av benämningar." Institutet för de inhemska språken. Retrieved Sept. 7, 2024.
  4. ^ Bray, Sarah C.E. & al. (2012). "Ancient DNA identifies post-glacial recolonisation, not recent bottlenecks, as the primary driver of contemporary mtDNA phylogeography and diversity in Scandinavian brown bears." Diversity and Distributions. Retrieved Sept. 8, 2024.
  5. ^ Fahlen, Joanna (2014). "SNP-based conservation genetics of the southern Swedish brown bear (Ursus arctos)." Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Retrieved Sept. 8, 2024.
  6. ^ Bernström, John (1980). "Björn." Kulturhistorskt lexikon för nordisk medeltid, vol. 1:661-664, col. 662.
  7. ^ a b "History." Scandinavian Bear Project. Retrieved Sept. 8, 2024.
  8. ^ "När blev björnen helt fridlyst?" Rovdjurscentret de 5 stora.Retrieved Sept. 8, 2024.
  9. ^ [ https://artfakta.se/taxa/100145/information "Brunbjörn Ursus arctos." Artfakta från SLU.] Retrieved Sept. 8, 2024.
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