User:Zuruguay/sandbox/List of authoritarian regimes supported by the United States
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List of authoritarian regimes supported by the United States
[edit]Reunion of SEATO leaders in Manila, 1966, with the presence of authoritarian leaders Nguyen Cao Ky from South Vietnam (first from left, with Australian Prime Minister Harold Holt at his side), Park Chung-Hee from South Korea (third from the left), Ferdinand Marcos from Philippines (fourth from the left, with New Zealand Prime Minister Keith Holyoake at his right) and Thanom Kittikachorn from Thailand (second from the right, with US President Lyndon B. Johnson at his side)
Over the last century, the United States government has often provided, and continues to provide today, financial assistance, education, arms, military training and technical support to numerous anti-leftist and anti-Islamist authoritarian regimes across the world. A variety of reasons have been provided to justify the apparent contradictions between support for dictators and the democratic ideals expressed in the United States Constitution.
Prior to the Russian Revolution, support for dictators was often based on furthering American economic and political priorities, such as opening foreign markets to American manufacturers. Following the rise of communism, the United States government also began to support authoritarian regimes that it felt were combating movements aligned with communism, including socialist and democratic socialistmovements, especially in Latin America.[1][2] Such assistance continued despite the belief expressed by many that this contradicted the political ideals espoused by the US during the Cold War.[3]Support was also geared toward ensuring a conducive environment for American corporate interests abroad, such as the United Fruit Company or Standard Oil, especially when these interests came under threat from democratic governments.[4][3] Support for authoritarian regimes has been justified under various ideological frameworks as well, including the Truman Doctrine, the Kirkpatrick Doctrine and the "War on Drugs".[4]
From the 1980s onwards, the United States government began to fear that its interests would be threatened by the increasingly popular Islamist movements in the Middle East, and began to work to secure cooperative authoritarian regimes in the region, while isolating, weakening, or removing, uncooperative ones.[5] In recent years, many policy analysts and commentators have expressed support for this type of policy, with some believing that regional stability is more important than democracy.[6][7] The United States continues to support authoritarian regimes today. However, international relations scholar David Skidmore believes that increased public pressure is motivating a shift away from supporting authoritarian regimes, and towards supporting more consensual regimes instead.[8]
Authoritarian regimes currently supported
[edit]This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Date of support | Country | Regime | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1991–present | Azerbaijan | Heydar Aliyev; Ilham Aliyev[9][10] | |
1992–present | Kazakhstan | Nursultan Nazarbayev[11][12] | |
1959–present | Singapore | People's Action Party[13][13][14] | |
1984–present | Brunei | Hassanal Bolkiah[15][16][17][18] | |
2011–present | Vietnam | Trương Tấn Sang[19] | |
2014–present | Thailand | Prayut Chan-o-cha[20] | |
1994–present | Tajikistan | Emomali Rahmon[19] | |
2006–present | Turkmenistan | Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow[19] | |
1945–present | Saudi Arabia | House of Saud[21][22][23] | |
1999–present | Bahrain | Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa[24] | |
1972–present | Qatar | House of Thani[25][26] | |
1970–present | Oman | Qaboos bin Said al Said[23] | |
1954–present | Jordan | Hashemite Dynasty[27][28] | |
1971–present | United Arab Emirates | United Arab Emirates[29] | |
2014–present | Egypt | Abdel Fattah el-Sisi[30] | |
1777–present | Morocco | Alaouite dynasty[31] | |
1999–present | Djibouti | Ismaïl Omar Guelleh[32][33] | |
1979–present | Equatorial Guinea | Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo[19] | |
1982–present | Cameroon | Paul Biya[34][35] | |
1990–present | Chad | Idriss Déby[36] | |
1986–present | Uganda | Yoweri Museveni[37] | |
2000–present | Rwanda | Paul Kagame[38] |
Authoritarian regimes supported in the past
[edit]This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Current president Barack Obama and Michelle Obama with Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow of Turkmenistan, September 2009, one of the most repressive regimes in the world,[39] supported with millions of dollars in military aid.[40]
Middle East special envoy Donald Rumsfeld meeting Saddam Hussein on 19–20 December 1983.
Mobutu Sese Seko and Richard Nixon in Washington, D.C., 1973.
Presidents Emílio G. Médici (left) and Richard Nixon, December 1971. A hardliner, Médici sponsored the greatest human rights abuses of Brazil's military regime. During his government, persecution and torture of dissidents, harassment against journalists and press censorship became ubiquitous. A 2014 report by Brazil's National Truth Commissionstates that the United States of America was involved with teaching the Brazilian military regime torture techniques.[41]
U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger shaking hands with Augusto Pinochet in 1976.
Date of support | Country | Regime | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1876–1911 | Mexico | Porfirio Díaz[42] | During the Porfiriato, tensions between the U.S. and Mexicowere high. |
1929–2000 | Mexico | Institutional Revolutionary Party[43] | |
1932–1944 | El Salvador | Maximiliano Hernández Martínez[44] | |
1933–1949 | Honduras | Tiburcio Carías Andino[45] | |
1950–1958 | Venezuela | Marcos Pérez Jiménez[46] | |
1908–1935 | Venezuela | Juan Vicente Gómez[47] | |
1898–1920 | Guatemala | Manuel Estrada Cabrera[48] | |
1931–1944 | Guatemala | Jorge Ubico[48] | |
1948–1956 | Peru | Manuel Odria[49] | |
1952–1959 | Cuba | Fulgencio Batista[50] | |
1930–1961 | Dominican Republic | Rafael Trujillo[51] | Later overthrown with at least some aid from the CIA.[52] |
1954–1986 | Guatemala | Efraín Ríos Montt and other Juntas[53][54][55] | See also: 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état |
1963–1982 | Honduras | Oswaldo López Arellano and other Juntas[56][57] | |
1979–1982 | El Salvador | Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador[58] | |
1971–1978 | Bolivia | Hugo Banzer[59] | |
1973–1985 | Uruguay | Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay[60][61] | |
1976–1983 | Argentina | National Reorganization Process[62][63] | |
1964–1985 | Brazil | Brazilian military government[41][64] | |
1936–1979 | Nicaragua | Somoza family[65] | |
1957–1971 | Haiti | François Duvalier[66] | |
1971–1986 | Haiti | Jean-Claude Duvalier[66] | |
1968–1981 | Panama | Omar Torrijos[67] | |
1983–1989 | Panama | Manuel Noriega[67] | Later overthrown by U.S. in Operation Just Cause in 1989. |
1954–1989 | Paraguay | Alfredo Stroessner[68][69] | |
1973–1990 | Chile | Augusto Pinochet[70][71] | |
1992–2000 | Peru | Alberto Fujimori[72] | |
1948–1960 | South Korea[73] | Syngman Rhee | |
1958–1969 | Pakistan | Ayub Khan | See also: Pakistan–United States relations during the Cold War era. |
1961–1979 | South Korea | Park Chung-hee[74] | |
1979–1988 | South Korea | Chun Doo-hwan[75] | |
1955–1963 | South Vietnam | Ngo Dinh Diem[76] | Later assassinated in a U.S.-backed coup. See also: Cable 243, Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem. |
1970–1975 | Cambodia | Lon Nol[77] | |
1969–1971 | Pakistan | Yahya Khan[78][79][80] | |
1941–1979 | Iran | Mohammad Reza Pahlavi[81][82] | See also: 1953 Iranian coup d'état. |
1965–1986 | Philippines | Ferdinand Marcos[83][84] | |
1978–1988 | Pakistan | Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq[85] | |
1963–1967 | Iraq | Abdul Salam Arif, Abdul Rahman Arif[86] | |
1982–1990 | Iraq | Saddam Hussein[87] | Later seen as an enemy of the U.S. in the Gulf War and deposed in the Iraq War. See: United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war. |
1967–1998 | Indonesia | Suharto[88][89] | See also: Allen Lawrence Pope. |
1949–1953 | Syria | al-Za'im-Shishkali-al-Hinnawi Junta[90][91][92] | See: Husni al-Za'im, Adib Shishakli, Sami al-Hinnawi. |
1999–2008 | Pakistan | Pervez Musharraf[93] | |
1990–2016 | Uzbekistan | Islam Karimov[19] | |
1990–2005 | Kyrgyzstan | Askar Akayev[94] | |
1990–2012 | Yemen | Ali Abdullah Saleh[95] | |
1969–1985 | Sudan | Gaafar Nimeiry[96] | |
1978–1991 | Somalia | Siad Barre[97] | |
1980–1990 | Liberia | Samuel Doe[98] | |
1991–2012 | Ethiopia | Meles Zenawi[19] | |
1965–1997 | Zaire
Democratic Republic of the Congo |
Mobutu Sese Seko[99][100] | |
1982–1990 | Chad | Hissène Habré[101] | |
1981–2011 | Egypt | Hosni Mubarak[102] | |
2012–2013 | Egypt | Mohamed Morsi[103] | |
1948–1994 | South Africa | National Party (South Africa)[104][105] | |
1987–2011 | Tunisia | Zine El Abidine Ben Ali[106] | |
1936–1975 | Spain | Francisco Franco[107] | At times opposed diplomatically because of fascist leanings. See: Francoist Spain. |
1933–1974 | Portugal | António de Oliveira Salazar[108] | See Estado Novo (Portugal) |
1941–1945 | Soviet Union | Joseph Stalin[109] | Later considered an enemy of the US. See Cold War. |
1948–1980 | Yugoslavia | Josip Broz Tito[110] | See Informbiro period. |
1967–1974 | Greece | Greek military junta[111] | |
1980–1989 | Turkey | Turkish military junta[112] | |
1969–1989 | Romania | Nicolae Ceaușescu[113] | |
1941–1975 | Republic of China | Chiang Kai-shek[114] | |
1948–1957 | Thailand | Plaek Phibunsongkhram[115] | |
1963–1973 | Thailand | Thanom Kittikachorn[116] | |
1958–1963 | Thailand | Sarit Thanarat[117] |
See also
[edit]- Foreign policy of the United States
- History of the Central Intelligence Agency
- List of authoritarian regimes supported by the Soviet Union
- Operation Condor
- Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (formerly called the School of the Americas)
- School of the Americas Watch, advocacy group critical of the above
- United States and state-sponsored terrorism
- United States and state terrorism
References
[edit]- ↑ Adams, Francis (2003). Deepening democracy: global governance and political reform in Latin America. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 31. ISBN 9780275979713
- ↑ McMahon, Robert J. (1999). The limits of empire: the United States and Southeast Asia since World War II. Columbia University Press. p. 205. ISBN 9780231108805.
- 1 2 Grandin & Joseph, Greg & Gilbert (2010). A Century of Revolution. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. pp. 397–414.
- 1 2 DeConde, Alexander et al., eds. (2001). "Dictatorships". Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, Volume 1. Simon & Schuster. p. 499. ISBN 9780684806570.
- ↑ Forrest, James J.F. (2007). Countering terrorism and insurgency in the 21st century: international perspectives, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9780275990367.
- ↑ Etzioni, Amitai (2007). Security first: for a muscular, moral foreign policy. Yale University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780300108576.
- ↑ Beyer, Cornelia (2008). Violent globalisms: conflict in response to empire. Ashgate Publishing. p. 62. ISBN 9780754672050.
- ↑ Skidmore, David (1997). Contested social orders and international politics. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 210. ISBN 9780826512840.
- ↑ "Azerbaijan". freedomhouse.org.