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(GSS) Gregarious Simulation Systems

[edit]

Gregarious Simulation Systems

Gregarious Simulation Systems, otherwise known as GSS, is the company that produces and operates,GSS started out as a company called Gregarious Games in the 2019, created by Emanuels Tomaševskis. The company was a huge success. Emanuels Tomaševskis a high-school student at the time, had designed his first video game, Anorak’s Quest.Now in 2020 hes gole is to make bigger games and expand its game company.

The Information about him and his company so little,but we have so much to hope and look fovard what will happend.

The Republic Of Central Sudan

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The Republic of Central Sudan
Motto: God Guid Us To The Promised Land.
Anthem: "Free and Fair"[1]
March:
"Victory March to Glory Land"[2]
Location of the land claimed by Central Sudan
Location of the land claimed by Central Sudan
Official languagesEnglish,

</ref>

| demonym = central sudaniasiant | government_type = de jure:
= Federal presidential constitutional republic | leader_title1 = Presiden | leader_name1 = Emanuels.E.Tomasevskis (R) (founder) | leader_title2 = Vice President | leader_name2 = Renars.B. | leader_title3 = House Speaker | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 =Chief Justice | leader_name4 =Kuol Alor Jok (R) | established_event1 = Proclamation | established_date1 = 6 June 2018 (2018-06-06) | area_km2 = 10,546 km2 (4,072 sq mi) | population_estimate = 124,390 | currency = Central Sudanese pound [3] | calling_code = +422 (proposed)[4] | official_website = centralsudan.gov | micronation = yes }} Central Sudan, officially the The Republic of Central Sudan, is a micronation claiming an uninhabited parcel of disputed land on the border of Sudan and South Sudan called abyei region. It was proclaimed on 6 April 2018 by American Central Sudanian politician Emanuel.E.Tomasevski.[5][6]

Location

[edit]
Further information: Sudan and SouthSudan border dispute

The Dispute between Sudan and South Sudan was a small land called Abyei's Region The status of Abyei was one of the most contentious issues in the negotiation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. The first protocol signed, the 2002 Machakos Protocol, defined Southern Sudan as the area as of independence in 1956. It thus excluded the SPLA strongholds in Abyei, the Nuba Mountains and Blue Nile, known collectively during the talks as the Three Areas. The SPLA negotiators then spent several years attempting to give these regions the right to a referendum in which they could decide if they want to be under the administrative control of the north or south. This would potentially mean that these regions would become part of a nation of South Sudan after the 2011 independence referendum. The government blocked these attempts, stating that the Machakos Protocol had already delineated the border for the Three Areas in favor of the north.[14]

The deadlock was finally broken by pressure from the United States. U.S. presidential envoy John Danforth circulated a draft agreement, which the U.S. convinced the government to sign despite its inclusion of a referendum. The Protocol on the resolution of the Abyei conflict put Abyei into a special administrative status government directly by the presidency. The precise borders of the area were to be determined by an Abyei Borders Commission (ABC), followed by a referendum commission to identify Messiria that are resident in Abyei and could thus vote in local elections in 2009; all the Ngok Dinka were to be considered resident, it being their traditional homeland.

History

[edit]

Proclamation

[edit]

The Sudan Tribune claims that the Dajo people were located in the region of Abyei prior to the seventeenth century, before being displaced by new migrants.[6] From at least the eighteenth century Abyei was inhabited by the agro-pastoralist Ngok Dinka, a sub-group of the Dinka of Southern Sudan. The Messiria, a nomadic Arab people, who spend most of the year around their base at Muglad in northern South Kurdufan, would graze their cattle south to the Bahr river basin in Abyei during the dry season.[7][8][9]Abyei's permanent residents were thus the southern Dinka, but half the year the Dinka were outnumbered by the Muslim, northern Misseriya.[10] At the establishment of the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, the Messiria were predominantly located in the province of Kordofan (considered "northern"), while the Ngok Dinka were located in Bahr el Ghazal (considered "southern"). In 1905, after continued raids by the Messiria into Ngok Dinka territory, the British redistricted the nine Ngok Dinka chiefdoms into Kordofan. The reason was threefold: to protect the Ngok Dinka from raids by the Messiria and thus pacify the area; to demonstrate that a new sovereign power was in control; and to bring the two feuding tribes under common administration.[11] When the British left in 1956, they left the status of Abyei unclear.[12]

The two peoples began to take separate paths with the onset of the First Sudanese Civil War (1956–1972), in particular the 1965 massacre of 72 Ngok Dinka in the Misseriya town of Babanusa. The Ngok Dinka were thus drawn to the Anyanya, while the Messiria were favored by the Khartoum-based government and became firmly associated with the north. The 1972 Addis Ababa Agreement that ended the war included a clause that provided for a referendum allowing Abyei to choose to remain in the north or join the autonomous South. This referendum was never held and continued attacks against Ngok Dinka led to the creation of Ngok Dinka unit in the small Anyanya II rebellion, which began in Upper Nile in 1975. The discovery of oil in the area, among other north-south border regions, led President Gaafar Nimeiry to try the first of many initiatives to redistrict oil rich areas into northern administration.[8]

The Ngok Dinka unit of Anyanya II formed one of the foundations of the rebel movement at the beginning of the Second Civil War in 1983. Many Ngok Dinka joined the rebels upon the outbreak of hostilities. Partially as a result of their early entry into the war, many Ngok Dinka rose to leadership positions in the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA), becoming closely associated with John Garang. In contrast, the Messiria joined the hostilities on the side of the government in the mid-1980s. They formed frontline units as well as Murahleen, mounted raiders that attacked southern villages to loot valuables and slaves.[13] By the end of the war the intense fighting had displaced most Ngok Dinka out of Abyei, which the Misseriya state as justification for ownership of the area.Then after the dispute in 2018 A Person named Emanuels tookthe land and said that it is a unclamed land so that he will taje control of it and will make a countrie and he did its called Central Sudan and Emanuel Became the first President.

Flag

[edit]

The flag consists of a yellow backdrop (symbolizing libertarianism) with a black stripe running horizontally through the centre (symbolizing less government, anarchy/rebellion) and the coat of arms in the centre.[7][8] Within the coat of arms, the bird represents freedom, the tree represents prosperity, the blue river represents the Danube River, and the sun represents happiness.[9]

Access

[edit]

Croatian authorities have frequently blocked access to the area since the beginning of May 2015.[10][11]

In May 2015, Vít Jedlička and his translator Sven Sambunjak were briefly detained by Croatian police after making an attempt to cross the border. Jedlička spent one night in detention and then was convicted and ordered to pay a fine for illegal crossing of the Croatian border[12] but appealed the verdict. He claimed that there were at least three Liberland citizens inside the area, who came from Switzerland.[13][14][15][16] Later that month, Vít Jedlička was detained again.[17] Initially, reporters were able to enter the area with Jedlička[18] but subsequently they were also denied entry, including journalists from the Serbian public broadcast service Radio Television of Vojvodina,[19] and from the Bosnian newspaper Dnevni avaz.[20]

The detained were from various countries, including Ireland, Germany, Denmark, and the United States.[11] Croatian police have continued detaining people, including those that entered the area by boat (via an international waterway).[21][22][23] One of them, Danish activist Ulrik Grøssel Haagensen, was placed in house arrest for 5 days before being sentenced to 15 days of prison, triggering some protests in Denmark.[24][25]

In May 2016, several appeals court decisions from Croatia were published. The court upheld that crossing into Liberland from Croatia is illegal, but found the convictions for entering Liberland from Serbia improper. The court said that the lower court committed "a fundamental breach of misdemeanour proceedings" and "essential procedural violations". It further ruled that "the facts were incorrectly and incompletely established [by the prosecutor] which could lead to misapplication of substantive law". A retrial was ordered in 6 of the 7 appeals. The lower court is required to determine the location of the border and the border crossing.[26]

Public reactions

[edit]

Journalists have been uncertain as to how serious Jedlička is about his claims, with some calling it a publicity stunt.[27][28]

In an interview with Parlamentní Listy in April 2015, Jedlička claimed that he had received positive reactions for his initiative, mainly from his own party, the Party of Free Citizens, for which he was a regional chairman,[29] but also from some members of the Civic Democratic Party and the Pirate Party.[30]

On 20 May 2015, Petr Mach, the leader of the Party of Free Citizens, expressed support for the creation of a state based on ideas of freedom, adding that the Party of Free Citizens wants the Czech Republic to become a similarly free country.[31]

Dominik Stroukal from the Czech-Slovak branch of the Ludwig von Mises Institute wrote: "The escapade succeeded for Vít. The whole world reports about Liberland with words like 'tax competition', 'libertarianism', etc."[32]

Goran Vojković, professor of law and columnist from the Croatian news portal Index.hr, described Liberland as a "circus which threatens Croatian territory", and argued that there was a risk that Croatia's claim to control land on the other side of the Danube may be weakened by the attention that the Liberland project has drawn to the border dispute.[33]

In 2016, an article in Stratfor summarized the initiative as follows: "Liberland is a curious case because, in principle, none of the actors that could claim control over it seems interested in doing so. But this will probably remain a curiosity with negligible consequences at the international level. For the rest of the world's disputed territories, violence and diplomacy will remain the main tools to claim ownership."[34]

[edit]

Legal experts in both Serbia and Croatia have said that, under international law, Jedlička lacks the right to claim the area, which is currently the subject of a dispute between the two nations.[10][35][36] Croatia and Serbia have dismissed Jedlička's claims as frivolous, although the two countries have reacted in different ways. On 24 April 2015, the Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that while they consider the affair a trivial matter, the "new state" does not impinge upon the Serbian border, which is delineated by the Danube.[37] Croatia, which currently administers the land in question, has stated that after international arbitration, it should be awarded to Croatia or Serbia, not to a third party.[38]

An article in the Chicago Journal of International Law, the law review of the University of Chicago Law School, examined Liberland's claim to statehood in light of the criteria laid out by the Montevideo Convention. According to the author, "Croatia’s insistence that Liberland is part of Serbia could constitute a renunciation of Croatia’s legal rights to Liberland. Conversely, if the territory that Liberland claims as its own is Serbian, the Serbian government’s renunciation of its title to that land could also be a quitclaim that would transform the legal status of the land to terra nullius. In both instances, the territory would belong to the first entity —in this case Liberland— to claim it. However, because of the complicated history of the Croatian-Serbian border region, it may be difficult to ascertain who the land belongs to under international law."[39]

An article in the Michigan Journal of International Law argues that the United Nations should recognize Liberland.[40]

Plan of administration

[edit]

A government with ten to twenty members has been suggested for the administration of Liberland, to be elected by electronic voting.[30] Liberland intends to operate on an open-border policy.[30] The goal of the micronation, as claimed by its website, is to create "a society where righteous people can prosper with minimal state regulations and taxes".[30][41] The founders are inspired by countries like Monaco and Liechtenstein.[41]

Liberland has published a draft version of a codified constitution[42] and a list of laws to be included in the constitution. These documents describe Liberland as a country governed under a three-power system with executive, legislative and judicial sectors that seek to promote individual rights, including property rights, freedom of speech and the right to keep and bear arms. It has also a list of criminal offences, which include "polluting environment", "public nuisance" in addition to crimes such as murder, manslaughter and theft.[43] There are plans for an official cryptocurrency called Merit,[44] although all other currencies would be allowed.[30] There will be a maximum of 700 million merits.[45]

In an attempt to gain recognition at the UN, Liberland appointed 70 representatives in over 60 countries within a year of proclamation.[46] As of February 2018, Liberland had recruited over 100 representatives in over 80 countries.[47]

Citizenship

[edit]
Liberland Citizenship Certificate

According to its official web page, Liberland is currently looking for people who have respect for other people and their opinions, regardless of their race, ethnicity, orientation, or religion, have respect for private ownership which is untouchable, and have not been punished for past criminal offences.[48] Liberland received 200,000 applications in a week.[49] In the beginning of May 2015, Liberland accepted around thirty citizens. An event was supposed to take place in the claimed territory, but Croatian border police stopped the group from entering it from the Croatian side. An attempt to cross the river with fishing boats from Serbia failed because the local fishermen didn't have permits for transporting people with their boats. Serbian police informed Jedlička that anyone trying to cross the border illegally would be arrested. An improvised ceremony was instead held in Bački Monoštor.[50]

On 16 February 2018, United States politician and former candidate for U.S. Presidency Ron Paul was officially presented with a Liberland passport and citizenship certificate by Jedlička and his cabinet.[51][52]

Jedlička initially offered "Liberland citizenship" for 10,000 merits, equivalent 1:1 to USD,[53][54] but later reduced it to 5,000.[48] There will be a cap of 140,000 citizenships.[45]

Recognition

[edit]

There has been no diplomatic recognition of Liberland by any member of the United Nations. However, Liberland has established relations with Somaliland, a self-declared state that proclaimed its independence from Somalia in 1991. Liberland and Somaliland signed a Memorandum of Understanding in September 2017 vowing to establish closer relations and cooperate in the areas of technology, energy and banking.[55][56]

Official statements from sovereign states

[edit]
  •  Croatia: Liberland has been mentioned by the Croatian Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs but publicly rejected as a joke.[57] On 29 June 2015, the Croatian Ministry of Foreign affairs said that Gornja Siga's status is undetermined, but it is not terra nullius, and after international arbitration, it will be awarded to Croatia or Serbia, not to a third party.[38] However, in a May 2016 letter to the Croatian Interior Minister Vlaho Orepić, Croatian Minister of Foreign and European Affairs Miro Kovač referred to Liberland as "a provocative idea which has reached serious proportions" which "represents a risk to the Republic of Croatia." The letter called for finding a solution to "remove promotion and attempts of realization of idea of Liberland", recommending that "Ministry of the Interior, Security and Intelligence Agency (SIA), Ministry of Justice and Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs coordinate necessary measures and their actions, so that this provocative idea could be stopped."[58] On 17 January 2017, Liberland was discussed and debated in the Croatian Parliament (Sabor) by politician Ivan Pernar of the Živi Zid party, who claimed that Croatia should consider the recognition.[59]
  •  Serbia: The Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has stated that Liberland does not infringe upon the border of Serbia, but the project is seen as "frivolous".[37]
  •  Egypt: The Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has warned people of the possibility of scams about Liberland directed at people looking for jobs abroad. "Egyptians should seek information from the Foreign Ministry rather than social media before travelling for work."[60]
  •  Czech Republic: The Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs disassociated itself from the activities of Mr. Jedlička, stating it has nothing to do with them. The ministry added that "Mr. Jedlička, as well as other Czech citizens staying in the territory of Croatia or Serbia, is obliged to abide by the local legal code. The Czech Republic considers the activities of Mr. Jedlička inappropriate and potentially harmful."[61] Through the Embassy of the Czech Republic in Zagreb, it warned that the "efforts to create some new 'state' have no basis in international law," and that "in the territory of Croatia, citizens of the Czech Republic as well as other foreigners are obliged to adhere to the Croatian legal code, including the current regime on the Croatian-Serbian border. Crossing the Croatian border (i.e., the external border of the European Union) outside specified border crossings, as it is done by travellers to the so-called Liberland, is in clear violation of the code."[62]
  •  Poland: On 24 July 2016, 7 members of Polish Parliament (Sejm) from Kukiz'15, in cooperation with local Liberland activists, asked Minister of Foreign Affairs Witold Waszczykowski when Poland would recognize the Free Republic of Liberland as an independent state,[63] with a follow-up in August.[64] The reply was that Liberland does not meet the criteria for statehood.[65]

Statements from non-sovereign states

[edit]

Official statements from political parties

[edit]

Several minor parties with no elected representatives at their national level expressed support for the creation of Liberland.

Statements from other micronation projects

[edit]

A few micronations have expressed support for the idea of Liberland.

Statements from organizations

[edit]
  • On 16 April 2017, Bitnation has announced a partnership with Liberland.[82]
  • On 20 April 2017, Liberland applied for admission to the UNPO. The application was officially presented and defended a month later in Brussels, Belgium. In June 2017, a delegation from Liberland was invited to observe the proceedings of the 13th General Assembly during which the President and members of the presidency were elected.[83]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Free and Fair - Liberland National Anthem". YouTube.
  2. ^ Quito, Anne. "The world's newest micro-nation is already a leader in nation branding". Quartz. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  3. ^ "Jedličkův Liberland má novou měnu i první firmu v rejstříku, občanství chce 87 tisíc lidí". Aktuálně.cz - Víte co se právě děje. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  4. ^ Quito, Anne. "The world's newest micro-nation is already a leader in nation branding". Quartz. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference LiberlandInfo was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Nolan, Daniel (25 April 2015). "Welcome to Liberland: Europe's Newest State". Vice News. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  7. ^ "Meet the man who is setting up a new country in the middle of Europe". The Independent. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  8. ^ "Twitter". mobile.twitter.com. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  9. ^ "Liberland". Video (in Serbian). Retrieved 10 November 2018.
  10. ^ a b "Police in the Balkans block inauguration of Europe's new "mini-state"". Associated Press. 9 May 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  11. ^ a b Ristić, Borislav (11 May 2015). "Putovanje u Liberland zasad stoji 2400 kuna – tolika je kazna za ilegalni prijelaz granice" (in Croatian). Večernji List. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  12. ^ Getto, Ivica (11 May 2015). "Osnivač Liberlanda kažnjen s 2400 kuna za ilegalni prelazak hrvatske granice" (in Croatian). Glas Slavonije. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  13. ^ Wirnitzer, Jan (11 May 2015). "Jedličkova bitva u Moháče. Všichni nám tu fandí, říká tvůrce Liberlandu" (in Czech). iDnes. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  14. ^ Ristić, Borislav (9 May 2015). "Vid Jedlička uhićen nakon ulaska na teritorij Liberlanda" (in Croatian). Večernji List. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  15. ^ Třeček, Čeněk; Sedlářová, Barbora (10 May 2015). "Chorvatsko zatklo "prezidenta" Liberlandu. Bylo to přátelské, tvrdí Čech" (in Czech). iDnes. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  16. ^ Hayden, Sally (11 May 2015). "President of Liberland Arrested for Trespassing into His Own Self-Declared Country". Vice News. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  17. ^ "Croatia: Liberland's president arrested again". inSerbia. 17 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference radimpanenka was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Spasojević, Vesna (17 April 2015). "Liberlend, zemlja koje – nema" (in Serbian). Radio Televizija Vojvodine. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  20. ^ Trako, Evelin (26 April 2015). "POTRAGA ZA LIBERLANDOM Reporteri "Avaza" na ničijoj zemlji između Srbije i Hrvatske" (in Bosnian). Dnevni Avaz. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  21. ^ "Igrali odbojku na 'plaži u Liberlandu' pa ih uhitila hrvatska policija - Večernji.hr". Vecernji.hr. 13 June 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  22. ^ Bradarić, Branimir (20 June 2015). "Liberland optužuje Hrvatsku za invaziju" (in Croatian). Večernji List. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  23. ^ Hayden, Sally (19 June 2015). "Liberland Accuses Croatia of Invasion and Releases Video of 'Citizen' Abduction". Vice. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  24. ^ Fax: 33141000, Rådhuspladsen 37 1785 København V. Telefon: 33111313. "Dansk mand anholdt efter indtrængen i 'Ingenmandsland'". ekstrabladet.dk.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ "Hvorfor sidder danske Ulrik i et mørkt fangehul på Balkan?". FOLKETS.
  26. ^ "Liberland Wins Appeals! Lower Courts "Committed a Fundamental Breach" and "Must Rule On Border" | Liberland Press". Liberland Press. 2 May 2016. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2016.[self-published source]
  27. ^ Simone, Alina (29 June 2015). "On the Danube, the world's newest micro-nation. But Liberland has a problem". Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  28. ^ "Man forms own European country and more than 160,000 people want citzenship [sic] – trouble is, you can't get in". 11 May 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  29. ^ "Ptejte se lídra Strany svobodných občanů v Královéhradeckém kraji Víta Jedličky - Hradecký deník". Hradecký Deník (in Czech). 18 October 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  30. ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference ParlamentniListy-interview was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  31. ^ "Petr Mach | ParlamentniListy.cz – politika ze všech stran". Parlamentnilisty.cz. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  32. ^ Stroukal, Dominik (18 April 2015). "Několik nestrukturovaných poznámek k Liberlandu" (in Czech). Ludwig von Mises Institut – Česko & Slovensko. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  33. ^ Vojković, Goran (12 May 2015). "Liberland je Srbija!" (in Croatian). index.hr. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
  34. ^ "Introducing Liberland, Europe's Newest Country". stratfor.com. Stratfor. 25 September 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  35. ^ "Croatian police question Czech leader of wannabe country 'Liberland'". 10 May 2015. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  36. ^ "Liberland's leader detained while trying to enter the country he just invented". 11 May 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  37. ^ a b McKirdy, Euan (25 April 2015). "Liberland: Could the world's newest micronation get off the ground?". CNN. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  38. ^ a b "Mađarska - MVEP • On Virtual Narratives at Croatia's Borders". hu.mvep.hr. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  39. ^ Rossman, Gabriel (2016) "Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (But Still So Far): Assessing Liberland’s Claim of Statehood," Chicago Journal of International Law: Vol. 17: No. 1, Article 10. URL: http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol17/iss1/10
  40. ^ "An Argument for the International Recognition of Liberland". The Michigan Journal of International Law. 12 October 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
  41. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference B92-1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  42. ^ "Liberland.org – Constitution". liberland.org. Retrieved 25 April 2015.[self-published source]
  43. ^ "Liberland.org - Free Republic of Liberland Laws". 2 January 2016. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016.
  44. ^ "Jedličkův Liberland má novou měnu i první firmu v rejstříku, občanství chce 87 tisíc lidí". Aktuálně.cz - Víte co se právě děje. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  45. ^ a b "Libertarian Paradise - Interview with the First President of Liberland | Finance Magnates". Finance Magnates | Financial and business news. 12 November 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  46. ^ "Welcome to Liberland".
  47. ^ Murphy, Margi (18 February 2018). "Welcome to Liberland: the nation that Bitcoin built" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  48. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  49. ^ Nolan, Daniel (24 April 2015). "Liberland: hundreds of thousands apply to live in world's newest 'country'". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 April 2015. In the week since Liberland announced its creation and invited prospective residents to join the project, they have received about 200,000 citizenship applications – one every three seconds – from almost every country in the world.
  50. ^ "Liberland, mikrodržava između Hrvatske i Srbije, dobio svoje prve državljane". Telegram.hr. 2 May 2015.
  51. ^ "Dr. Ron Paul receives his passport from the Free Republic of Liberland". liberlandpress.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.[self-published source]
  52. ^ "Five Minutes Five Issues: School Shootings, Korean War II, Sessions Nonsense, Syria Missions, Liberland". www.ronpaulinstitute.org.
  53. ^ "Almost 10,000 Syrians have registered to live in a country that might not exist". Retrieved 25 February 2019.
  54. ^ Cite error: The named reference politico was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  55. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  56. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  57. ^ Tešija, Jelena (23 April 2015). "Svjetski mediji dosta ozbiljno shvaćaju onog tipa koji pokušava osnovati mikrodržavu na Dunavu". Telegram (in Croatian). Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  58. ^ REPUBLIC OF CROATIA MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AND EUROPEAN AFFAIRS, MINISTER Dr. Miro Kovač CLASS: 212-03/15-01/1, NO: 521 – V- 02/16-9, Zagreb, May 12th 2016
  59. ^ "Liberland Discussed And Defended In Croatian Parliament". liberlandpress.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.[self-published source]
  60. ^ Fayed, Hanan (23 April 2015). "Foreign Min. warns Egyptians against emigrating to Liberland". The Cairo Post. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  61. ^ "Prohlášení MZV ke kauze tzv. Liberlandu". www.mzv.cz. 14 May 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  62. ^ "Upozornění Velvyslanectví ČR k cestám do tzv. "Liberlandu"" (in Czech). Velvyslanectví České republiky v Záhřebu (Embassy of the Czech Republic in Zagreb). 15 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  63. ^ "Seven members of Polish Parliament proposed the recognition of Liberland". liberlandpress.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2016.[self-published source]
  64. ^ "Interpelacja nr 4903. Do ministra spraw zagranicznych. W sprawie notyfikowania uznania niepodległości Wolnej Republiki Liberlandu" [Interpellation No. 4903. To the Minister of Foreign Affairs. On the notification of recognition of the independence of the Free Republic of Liberland]. sejm.gov.pl (in Polish). 22 August 2016.
  65. ^ "Odpowiedź na interpelację ponowną nr 4903. W sprawie notyfikowania uznania niepodległości Wolnej Republiki Liberlandu" [Answer to the second question, No. 4903. On the notification of recognition of the independence of the Free Republic of Liberia]. sejm.gov.pl (in Polish). 26 September 2016.
  66. ^ "The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic" (PDF). University of Pretoria. 1 February 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  67. ^ Liberland (26 September 2017). "The Free Republic of Liberland has successfully begun the mutual recognition process with the Republic of Somaliland". Liberland Press. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  68. ^ "Somaliland: Liberland Starts Mutual Recognition Process with Government in Hargeisa - Somaliland Sun". Somaliland Sun. 12 October 2017. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  69. ^ "Liberland Micronation Recognized by Somaliland | Every World Heritage Site". Every World Heritage Site. 13 October 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  70. ^ "Petr Mach | ParlamentniListy.cz – politika ze všech stran". www.parlamentnilisty.cz. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  71. ^ "up! fordert die Anerkennung der Freien Republik Liberland – up!schweiz". up-schweiz.ch. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  72. ^ "El P-LIB, con la República Libre de Liberland | P-LIB | Partido Libertario". www.p-lib.es (in European Spanish). Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  73. ^ "Habertürk – Captioned". Dotsub. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  74. ^ "Libertarian Party of Canada Chairman vows to recognize Liberland". Twitter. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  75. ^ Staff (12 December 2018). "Libertarians resolve to support development of Liberland". Libertarian Party. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  76. ^ Liberland (3 December 2018). "US Libertarian Party now supports recognition of Liberland". Liberland Press. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  77. ^ "The Kingdom of North Sudan recognized the Liberland". Kingdom of North Sudan News Channel. 20 April 2015.
  78. ^ a b "Introducing Liberland, Europe's Newest Country". www.stratfor.com. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  79. ^ "About – enclava.org". enclava.org. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  80. ^ "Liberland's Claim To Independence". www.sealandgov.org. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  81. ^ Vickery, Nate (17 August 2016). "The Green Nation of Liberland: Plausible or Far Fetched – TechMalak". TechMalak. Archived from the original on 7 December 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  82. ^ "Bitnation Pangea". Bitnation Pangea.
  83. ^ "Liberland Applies for the UNPO Membership | Liberland Press". Liberland Press. 14 July 2017. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.[self-published source]
[edit]
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45°46′6″N 18°52′17″E / 45.76833°N 18.87139°E / 45.76833; 18.87139

Category:Libertarianism Category:Croatia–Serbia border Category:Territorial disputes of Croatia Category:Territorial disputes of Serbia Category:Danubian micronations Category:Svobodní

The Republic Of Central Sudan

[edit]
For the former autonomous regions that existed in the same territory as the current nation, see Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (1972–83) and Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–11).
"RoSS" redirects here. For other uses, see Ross (disambiguation).

8°N 30°E / 8°N 30°E / 8; 30

Republic of Central Sudan
Motto: "Justice, Liberty, Prosperity"
Anthem: "South Sudan Oyee!"
Location of CNN&VICE WIKI/sandbox (dark blue) – in Africa (light blue & dark grey) – in the African Union (light blue)
Location of CNN&VICE WIKI/sandbox (dark blue)

– in Africa (light blue & dark grey)
– in the African Union (light blue)

CapitalAbyei
04°51′N 31°36′E / 4.850°N 31.600°E / 4.850; 31.600
Largest cityMadinat Eamanawayiyl
Official languagesEnglish[1] & Swahili[2]
Recognised national languages
and around 60 other languages
[note 1]
Spoken languages[4]
Religion
(2012)[9][10]
Demonym(s)South Sudanese
GovernmentFederal presidential constitutional republic[11]
• President
Salva Kiir Mayardit
Riek Machar[12]
James Wani Igga[12]
Taban Deng Gai[12]
Rebecca Nyandeng De Mabior[12]
Hussein Abdelbagi[12]
LegislatureTransitional National Legislature
• Upper house
Council of States
• Lower house
Transitional National Legislative Assembly
Establishment
1 January 1956
6 January 2005
• Autonomy
9 July 2005
• Independence from Sudan
9 July 2011
13 July 2011
Area
• Total
619,745 km2 (239,285 sq mi) (41st)
Population
• 2019 estimate
12,778,250 (75th)
• 2008 census
8,260,490 (disputed)[13]
• Density
13.33/km2 (34.5/sq mi) (214th)
GDP (PPP)2018 estimate
• Total
$18.435 billion[14]
• Per capita
$1,420[14] (222nd)
GDP (nominal)2018 estimate
• Total
$3.194 billion[14]
• Per capita
$246[14]
Gini (2009)45.5[15]
medium inequality
HDI (2018)Increase 0.413[16]
low (186th)
CurrencySouth Sudanese pound (SSP)
Time zoneUTC+3 (East Africa Time)
Drives onright[17]
Calling code+211[18]
ISO 3166 codeSS
Internet TLD.ss[19]a
  1. Registered, but not yet operational.
  1. ^ "The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011". Government of South Sudan. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011. Part One, 6(2). "English shall be the official working language in the Republic of South Sudan".
  2. ^ AfricaNews (5 July 2017). "S. Sudan to adopt Swahili as official language, seeks Tanzania's help – Africanews". Archived from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  3. ^ "The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011" (PDF). Government of South Sudan. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  4. ^ Ethnologue: Ethnologue Languages of the World – South Sudan Archived 9 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  5. ^ United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF): The impact of language policy and practice on children’s learning: Evidence from Eastern and Southern Africa 2016 Archived 13 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine (PDF; 672 kB), Pages 1–3, Retrieved 9 September 2018
  6. ^ Manfredi, Stefano (2018). "Juba Arabic (Árabi Júba): a "less indigenous" language of South Sudan" (PDF). Sociolinguistic Studies. 12 (1): 209–230. doi:10.1558/sols.35596.
  7. ^ Manfredi Stefano; Tosco Mauro (2016), A new state, an old language policy, and a pidgin-creolo: Juba Arabic in South Sudan, Forthcoming: Sociolinguistic Studies 2016 Archived 1 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine (PDF; 1141 kB), Pages 1–18, Retrieved 9 September 2018
  8. ^ Manfredi Stefano; Tosco Mauro (2013), Language uses vs. language policy: South Sudan and Juba Arabic in the post-independence era Archived 9 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine (PDF; 301 kB), Pages 798–802, III Congresso Coordinamento Universitario per la Cooperazione allo Sviluppo, Sep 2013, Turin, Italy. JUNCO, Journal of Universities and International Development Cooperation, 2014, Imagining Cultures of Cooperation – Proceedings of the III CUCS Congress, Turin 19–21 September 2013, Retrieved 9 September 2018
  9. ^ The Pew Forum - Religious Composition by Country
  10. ^ http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/south-sudan#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016
  11. ^ "S. Sudanese government agrees to federal system with rebels – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan". Sudan Tribune. Addis Ababa. 27 September 2014. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  12. ^ a b c d e "Salva Kiir appoints Machar as First Vice President". The East African.
  13. ^ "Discontent over Sudan census". News24.com. AFP. 21 May 2009. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  14. ^ a b c d "South Sudan". World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 19 March 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  15. ^ "Gini Index". World Bank. Archived from the original on 11 May 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  16. ^ "Human Development Report 2019" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 10 December 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  17. ^ "Traffic and Road Conditions in Sudan, South". Countryreports.org. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  18. ^ "New country, new number: Country code 211 officially assigned to South Sudan" (Press release). International Telecommunication Union. 14 July 2011. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
  19. ^ ".ss Domain Delegation Data". Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. ICANN. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2011.


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