Violence against healthcare professionals by country
Violence against healthcare professionals has occurred in the form of physical violence, verbal abuse, aggressive gestures, blackmail, and cyber-bullying.[1] Violence against doctors has been observed in the United States, Australia, India, China, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and others.[2]
Australia
[edit]In 2019, a survey showed that in the last three years, there has been a 48 percent increase in assaults against nurses in Queensland. In New South Wales the acts assaults against nurses increased by 44 percent over the same period.[3]
India
[edit]The Indian Medical Association has reported that 75% of doctors face verbal or physical abuse in hospital premises and fear of violence was the most common cause for stress for 43% doctors.[4][5] The highest number of violence was reported at the point of emergency care and 70% of the cases of violence were initiated by the patient's relatives.[6] The incidence of reported violent crimes against doctors in India has been increasing from 2006 to 2017, with the highest violence rate occurring in Delhi, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh.[7][8]
Factors attributed to violence against doctors are: absence of post-graduate training in emergency medicine in India, long working hours of up to 120 hrs a week for doctors, demonisation of doctors in news media and films, poor quality of emergency-care infrastructure, poor mechanism for grievance redressal, delayed legal procedural outcomes, a poor emergency network among hospitals, poor communication skills of healthcare workers, resource poor emergency settings (fewer drugs, fewer facilities for investigations), high patient load, lack of proper training of healthcare staff, high work load, and excessive political interference in hospital affairs.[1][2][9] In addition, the high expectations of the public and their perception that all services should be available for free adds to the problem.[1] Unrestricted public access to all areas in government hospitals, coupled with lack of security, surveillance and mob-preventing-drills increase the risk of violence.[1] The decreased civic responsibility showed by the public and the negative image of doctors portrayed in the media are also some factors that result in violence against doctors.[1][2][9] At the psychiatry department, the violence of the patients were directed more to nurses than doctors and to women than men.[10]
In a tertiary care hospital in Delhi, 40% of doctors reported being exposed to violence in the last year. The point of delivery of emergency services was the most common place of violence and verbal abuse was the most common form of violence. The most common symptoms experienced by the doctors who were subjected to violence were anger, frustration and irritability. Out of those who were exposed to violence, only 44% reported the incidence to the authorities.[11]
Due to the increasing reports of violence against doctors, the main source of stress for doctors was fear of violence, followed by fear of being sued. In India, 62% of doctors who answered a survey reported that they were unable to see their patients without any fear of violence, and 57% had considered hiring security staff at their workplace.[5]
In May 2023, a junior doctor named Vandana Das was stabbed to death while on night duty, by a patient brought to casualty for medical examination by the Police in a Government hospital in the Indian state of Kerala. The incident sparked widespread outrage and protests by doctors resulting in the Kerala Government passing an ordinance to provide stricter punishment for violence against hospitals and healthcare workers.[12][13]
On 9 August 2024, Moumita Debnath, a second-year postgraduate trainee (PGT) doctor at RG Kar Medical College in Kolkata, West Bengal, India was found dead in a seminar hall on the college campus. An autopsy later confirmed that she had been raped and murdered. The incident has sparked significant outrage and nationwide protests which demand a thorough investigation while also questioning the safety of women in India.[14]
China
[edit]In China, a 2019 survey by Dingxiang Yuan, a website for healthcare professionals, showed that 85% of doctors had experienced violence in their workplace.[15]
A survey conducted in 2008 found that 80% of healthcare professionals agreed that the doctor–patient relationship was poor or very poor.[16]
The 2014 survey conducted by the Chinese Medical Doctor Association (CMDA) found that the 60% of medical professionals surveyed had faced verbal abuse from patients and their relatives and 13% of the professionals had been physically assaulted and harmed.[16]
United States
[edit]According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the intentional injury rate for private hospital employees was five times higher than the national rate of all other private industries.[17]
A 2018 survey conducted by the American College of Emergency Physicians showed that out of more than 3,500 E.R. doctors, 47% of the doctors had been assaulted. 97% of the time, the assailant was a patient.[17]
Measures for reducing violence
[edit]Some suggestions for reducing violence against healthcare staff are: posting security personnel at the hospital entrance, confiscation of weapons before entering the hospital, mandatory registration for all visitors at the reception, restricting the number of bystanders to two for every patient, displaying of laws related to punishment for assaulting healthcare staff on the walls of hospitals, creation of an emergency protocol and evacuation plan in case of major violence.[2] Giving training on communication skills for healthcare staff and providing the services of counselors for emotional support could likely reduce violence.[2]
In December 2019 in China, those "disturbing the medical environment, or harming medical workers' safety and dignity" will be subjected to administrative punishments such as detention or a fine under a new law effective from 1 June 2020.[15]
In England, patients who general practitioners accuse of violence or behaviour causing fear of physical violence can be limited to healthcare in settings with mitigation for violence through the Special Allocation Scheme.[18]: p166 There is a review process and an appeal process that assesses these allocations.[18]: 6.4.26
In the past ten years, nineteen state governments of India have passed laws for the safeguard of physicians. However, the law could not be effectively implemented due to resistance from administration.[19]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Ghosh, Kanjaksha (2018). "Violence against doctors: A wake-up call". The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 148 (2): 130–133. doi:10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1299_17. ISSN 0971-5916. PMC 6206759. PMID 30381535.
- ^ a b c d e Ambesh, Paurush (1 September 2016). "Violence against doctors in the Indian subcontinent: A rising bane". Indian Heart Journal. 68 (5): 749–750. doi:10.1016/j.ihj.2016.07.023. ISSN 0019-4832. PMC 5079199. PMID 27773420.
- ^ "Rates of violence against nurses in hospitals increasing rapidly". ABC. 11 June 2019.
- ^ May 4, Sushmi Dey | TNN | Updated (4 May 2015). "Over 75% of doctors have faced violence at work, study finds India News - Times of India". The Times of India. Times of India. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Perappadan, Bindu Shajan (2 July 2017). "Majority of doctors in India fear violence, says IMA survey". The Hindu. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
- ^ "75 percent of doctors have been attacked at work". timesofindia.indiatimes.com.
- ^ Ranjan, Rajesh; Meenakshi; Singh, Mitasha; Pal, Ranabir; Das, JayantaK; Gupta, Sanjay (2018). "Epidemiology of violence against medical practitioners in a developing country (2006-2017)". Journal of Health Research and Reviews. 5 (3): 153. doi:10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_84_17. S2CID 80667814.
- ^ Ranjan, Rajesh. "View Image". www.jhrr.org. Journal of Health Research and Review in Developing Countries. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
- ^ a b Kapoor, Mukul Chandra (2017). "Violence against the medical profession". Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology. 33 (2): 145–147. doi:10.4103/joacp.JOACP_102_17. ISSN 0970-9185. PMC 5520583. PMID 28781436.
- ^ Binder, R. L.; McNiel, D. E. (1994). "Staff gender and risk of assault on doctors and nurses". The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 22 (4): 545–550. ISSN 0091-634X. PMID 7718927.
- ^ Anand, Tanu; Grover, Shekhar; Kumar, Rajesh; Kumar, Madhan; Ingle, Gopal Krishna (November 2016). "Workplace violence against resident doctors in a tertiary care hospital in Delhi". The National Medical Journal of India. 29 (6): 344–348. ISSN 0970-258X. PMID 28327484.
- ^ "Assailant stabs house surgeon to death in Kottarakara government taluk hospital". The Hindu.
- ^ "Kerala government approves ordinance amending Hospital Protection Act 2012, stringent penal provisions added". The Hindu.
- ^ "Kolkata doctor's autopsy reveals she was throttled to death, genital torture". India Today. 13 August 2024. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
- ^ a b "China launches new law to protect doctors". BBC.
- ^ a b "The vicious circle of patientphysician mistrust in China" (PDF). Harvard Library.
- ^ a b "Violence Toward E.R. Nurses and Doctors Is the 'Dirty Little Secret' of Health Care". NBC New York. 20 February 2020.
- ^ a b Primary Medical Care Policy and Guidance Manual (PDF). NHS England and NHS Improvement.
- ^ Nagpal, Neeraj (March 2017). "Incidents of violence against doctors in India: Can these be prevented?". The National Medical Journal of India. 30 (2): 97–100. ISSN 0970-258X. PMID 28816220.
