East Coast Bays (New Zealand electorate)
East Coast Bays | |
---|---|
Single-member constituency for the New Zealand House of Representatives | |
Region | Auckland |
Current constituency | |
Current MP | Erica Stanford |
Party | National |
East Coast Bays is a New Zealand parliamentary electorate. It was first formed in 1972 and has existed apart from a break lasting two parliamentary terms. The electorate has been held by Erica Stanford of the National Party since the 2017 general election.
Population centres
[edit]Since the 1969 election, the number of electorates in the South Island was fixed at 25, with continued faster population growth in the North Island leading to an increase in the number of general electorates. There were 84 electorates for the 1969 election,[1] and the 1972 electoral redistribution saw three additional general seats created for the North Island, bringing the total number of electorates to 87.[2] Together with increased urbanisation in Christchurch and Nelson, the changes proved very disruptive to existing electorates.[2] In the South Island, three electorates were abolished, and three electorates were newly created.[3] In the North Island, five electorates were abolished, two electorates were recreated, and six electorates were newly created (including East Coast Bays).[4]
The electorate is based around the north-eastern suburbs of North Shore City in north Auckland, including Torbay, Browns Bay and Mairangi Bay. The electorate crosses State Highway One at its southern end, which includes a section of Glenfield. East Coast Bays is a wealthy electorate, with incomes above the national average and boasting some of the most expensive real estate in the country. The electorate also contains many immigrants from South Africa. Located on the North Shore of the Auckland isthmus, it is one of the safest National seats in the country.
History
[edit]East Coast Bays was an electorate in the New Zealand Parliament between 1972 and 1996, before being abolished to make way for the Albany electorate at the change to Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) voting. High population growth in North Auckland lead to the electorate's western fringe being removed in 2002, and with it the eponymous suburb of Albany, thus recreating East Coast Bays ahead of the 2002 election.
Although now a safe electorate for National, it was held for seven years by Social Credit MP Gary Knapp, from the 1980 by-election when he defeated future National party leader Don Brash. In the 1981, 1984 and 1987 general elections, Labour came third, with Knapp defeating Brash in 1981 and Murray McCully in 1984.
But in 1987 the declining fortunes of the Democratic Party (as Social Credit renamed itself), led to Knapp being defeated by Murray McCully, who held the electorate for National until 2017.
In December 2016, McCully announced that he would not stand for parliament in the 2017 general election,[5] and the seat of East Coast Bays was won by Erica Stanford, retaining it for the National Party.
Members of Parliament
[edit]Key
National Social Credit Democrats United Future Green
1 Resigned when appointed Ambassador to the United States
List MPs
[edit]Members of Parliament elected from party lists in elections where that person also unsuccessfully contested the East Coast Bays electorate. Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at general elections.
Election | Winner | |
---|---|---|
2002 election | Paul Adams | |
2008 election | Sue Bradford2 |
2Bradford resigned from Parliament on 30 October 2009.
Election results
[edit]2023 election
[edit]2023 general election: East Coast Bays[6] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Notes: |
Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
| ||||||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% | ||
National | Erica Stanford | 27,687 | 71.52 | +17.81 | 22,508 | 57.59 | +19.40 | ||
Labour | Naisi Chen | 7,334 | 18.94 | -11.77 | 5,716 | 14.62 | -25.43 | ||
ACT | Michael McCook | 1,584 | 4.09 | +0.42 | 3,774 | 9.65 | +0.88 | ||
NewZeal | Paul Adams | 890 | 2.29 | 409 | 1.04 | +0.94 | |||
NZ Loyal | Bill Dyet | 710 | 1.83 | 386 | 0.98 | ||||
Green | 3,462 | 8.85 | +2.72 | ||||||
NZ First | 1,532 | 3.92 | +2.21 | ||||||
Opportunities | 646 | 1.65 | +0.51 | ||||||
Te Pāti Māori | 137 | 0.35 | +0.18 | ||||||
Legalise Cannabis | 109 | 0.27 | +0.05 | ||||||
Animal Justice | 62 | 0.15 | |||||||
New Conservative | 58 | 0.14 | -1.64 | ||||||
Freedoms NZ | 51 | 0.13 | |||||||
DemocracyNZ | 34 | 0.08 | |||||||
Women's Rights | 32 | 0.08 | |||||||
New Nation | 24 | 0.06 | |||||||
Leighton Baker Party | 7 | 0.01 | |||||||
Informal votes | 505 | 136 | |||||||
Total valid votes | 38,710 | 39,079 | |||||||
National hold | Majority | 20,353 | 52.57 | +29.57 |
2020 election
[edit]2020 general election: East Coast Bays[7] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Notes: |
Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
| ||||||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% | ||
National | Erica Stanford | 20,466 | 53.71 | −11.82 | 14,658 | 38.19 | −24.59 | ||
Labour | Monina Hernandez | 11,702 | 30.71 | +12.14 | 15,372 | 40.05 | +16.85 | ||
Green | Dan Jones | 2,370 | 6.22 | −0.43 | 2,353 | 6.13 | +1.39 | ||
ACT | Michael McCook | 1,397 | 3.67 | +2.55 | 3,365 | 8.77 | +7.77 | ||
New Conservative | Matthew Webster | 927 | 2.43 | — | 683 | 1.78 | +1.51 | ||
TEA | Susanna Kruger | 275 | 0.72 | — | 161 | 0.42 | — | ||
Outdoors | Marius Koekemoer | 172 | 0.45 | — | 32 | 0.08 | +0.04 | ||
NZ First | 657 | 1.71 | −3.67 | ||||||
Opportunities | 436 | 1.14 | −0.78 | ||||||
Advance NZ | 237 | 0.62 | — | ||||||
Legalise Cannabis | 83 | 0.22 | +0.05 | ||||||
Māori Party | 65 | 0.17 | +0.01 | ||||||
ONE | 37 | 0.10 | — | ||||||
Sustainable NZ | 29 | 0.08 | — | ||||||
Social Credit | 13 | 0.03 | +0.01 | ||||||
Vision New Zealand | 11 | 0.03 | — | ||||||
Heartland | 3 | 0.01 | — | ||||||
Informal votes | 793 | 188 | |||||||
Total valid votes | 38,102 | 38,383 | |||||||
Turnout | 38,539[8] | 79.12 | +2.45 | ||||||
National hold | Majority | 8,764 | 23.00 | −23.96 |
2017 election
[edit]2017 general election: East Coast Bays[9] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Notes: |
Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
| ||||||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% | ||
National | Erica Stanford | 22,731 | 65.53 | +3.61 | 22,006 | 62.78 | −0.60 | ||
Labour | Naisi Chen | 6,441 | 18.57 | +3.30 | 8,130 | 23.20 | +11.05 | ||
Green | Nicholas Mayne | 2,306 | 6.65 | −3.30 | 1,660 | 4.74 | −3.49 | ||
Opportunities | Teresa Moore | 1,289 | 3.72 | — | 673 | 1.92 | — | ||
NZ First | Ilja Ruppeldt | 1,254 | 3.62 | — | 1,886 | 5.38 | −0.58 | ||
ACT | Stephen Berry | 389 | 1.12 | — | 347 | 1.00 | −4.96 | ||
Conservative | 95 | 0.27 | −6.43 | ||||||
Legalise Cannabis | 58 | 0.17 | −0.12 | ||||||
Māori Party | 55 | 0.16 | +0.12 | ||||||
United Future | 34 | 0.10 | −0.11 | ||||||
People's Party | 18 | 0.05 | — | ||||||
Outdoors | 14 | 0.04 | — | ||||||
Democrats | 6 | 0.02 | −0.03 | ||||||
Mana Party | 5 | 0.01 | — | ||||||
Ban 1080 | 5 | 0.01 | −0.13 | ||||||
Internet | 4 | 0.01 | — | ||||||
Informal votes | 277 | 154 | |||||||
Total valid votes | 34,687 | 35,050 | |||||||
National hold | Majority | 16,290 | 46.96 | +0.30 |
2014 election
[edit]2014 general election: East Coast Bays[10][11] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Notes: |
Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
| ||||||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% | ||
National | Murray McCully | 19,951 | 61.92 | -3.06 | 20,895 | 63.38 | +0.52 | ||
Conservative | Colin Craig | 4,923 | 15.27 | +10.3 | 2,210 | 6.7 | +2.96 | ||
Labour | Greg Milner-White | 3,915 | 12.15 | -7.73 | 4,005 | 12.15 | -5.05 | ||
Green | Teresa Moore | 3,206 | 9.95 | +1.23 | 2,712 | 8.23 | +0.17 | ||
Ban 1080 | Tricia Cheel | 229 | 0.71 | +0.71 | 47 | 0.14 | +0.14 | ||
NZ First | 1,964 | 5.96 | +1.02 | ||||||
ACT | 580 | 1.76 | +0.18 | ||||||
Internet Mana | 222 | 0.67 | +0.67 | ||||||
Māori Party | 125 | 0.38 | -0.01 | ||||||
Legalise Cannabis | 95 | 0.29 | -0.18 | ||||||
United Future | 69 | 0.21 | -0.22 | ||||||
Civilian | 64 | 0.06 | +0.06 | ||||||
Democrats | 17 | 0.05 | +0.02 | ||||||
Independent Coalition | 4 | 0.01 | +0.01 | ||||||
Focus | 3 | 0.01 | +0.01 | ||||||
Informal votes | 327 | 73 | |||||||
Total valid votes | 32,557 | 33,041 | |||||||
National hold | Majority | 15,034 | 46.65 | +1.55 |
2011 election
[edit]2011 general election: East Coast Bays[12] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Notes: |
Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
| ||||||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% | ||
National | Murray McCully | 21,094 | 64.98 | +6.90 | 21,079 | 62.86 | +1.45 | ||
Labour | Viv Goldsmith | 6,453 | 19.88 | +2.07 | 5,769 | 17.20 | -4.44 | ||
Green | Brett Stansfield | 2,832 | 8.72 | +2.20 | 2,704 | 8.72 | +2.20 | ||
Conservative | Simonne Dyer | 1,614 | 4.97 | +4.97 | 1,254 | 3.74 | +3.74 | ||
ACT | Toby Hutton | 467 | 1.44 | -2.15 | 530 | 1.58 | -4.08 | ||
NZ First | 1,657 | 4.94 | +2.11 | ||||||
Legalise Cannabis | 156 | 0.47 | +0.19 | ||||||
United Future | 145 | 0.43 | -0.31 | ||||||
Māori Party | 130 | 0.39 | -0.01 | ||||||
Mana | 64 | 0.19 | +0.19 | ||||||
Libertarianz | 24 | 0.07 | +0.001 | ||||||
Alliance | 14 | 0.04 | +0.002 | ||||||
Democrats | 9 | 0.03 | -0.01 | ||||||
Informal votes | 902 | 160 | |||||||
Total valid votes | 32,460 | 33,535 | |||||||
National hold | Majority | 14,641 | 45.10 | +4.82 |
Electorate (as at 26 November 2011): 47,305[13]
2008 election
[edit]2008 general election: East Coast Bays[14] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Notes: |
Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
| ||||||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% | ||
National | Murray McCully | 20,151 | 58.09 | +11.06 | 21,681 | 61.40 | +9.13 | ||
Labour | Viv Goldsmith | 6,177 | 17.81 | -9.31 | 7,642 | 21.64 | -10.13 | ||
Family Party | Paul Adams[note 1] | 3,570 | 10.29 | -5.58 | 505 | 1.43 | |||
Green | Sue Bradford | 2,263 | 6.52 | +3.01 | 1,439 | 4.08 | +0.59 | ||
ACT | Tim Kronfeld | 1,246 | 3.59 | +2.12 | 2,000 | 5.66 | +3.09 | ||
NZ First | Dail Jones | 730 | 2.10 | -0.47 | 1,001 | 2.83 | -1.94 | ||
No Commercial Airport at Whenuapai | Toby Hutton | 283 | 0.82 | ||||||
United Future | Ian McInnes | 215 | 0.62 | -0.49 | 263 | 0.74 | -1.65 | ||
Libertarianz | Elah Zamora | 56 | 0.16 | 25 | 0.07 | +0.03 | |||
Progressive | 214 | 0.61 | -0.30 | ||||||
Bill and Ben | 149 | 0.42 | |||||||
Māori Party | 141 | 0.40 | +0.14 | ||||||
Legalise Cannabis | 98 | 0.28 | +0.08 | ||||||
Kiwi | 90 | 0.25 | |||||||
Alliance | 14 | 0.04 | -0.00 | ||||||
Pacific | 14 | 0.04 | |||||||
Democrats | 13 | 0.04 | -0.00 | ||||||
Workers Party | 8 | 0.02 | |||||||
RONZ | 7 | 0.02 | +0.00 | ||||||
RAM | 5 | 0.01 | |||||||
Informal votes | 281 | 91 | |||||||
Total valid votes | 34,691 | 35,309 | |||||||
National hold | Majority | 13,974 | 40.28 | +20.38 |
- ^ Paul Adams contested the 2005 election as an Independent: the "±% electoral votes" figure here compares Adams' percentage of electoral votes for the Family Party in 2008 with the 2005 percentage as an Independent.
2005 election
[edit]2005 general election: East Coast Bays[15] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Notes: |
Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
| ||||||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% | ||
National | Murray McCully | 17,213 | 47.02 | +7.93 | 19,437 | 52.27 | +27.44 | ||
Labour | Hamish McCracken | 9,927 | 27.12 | -7.03 | 11,813 | 31.77 | -2.04 | ||
Independent | Paul Adams | 5,809 | 15.87 | ||||||
Green | Jeanette Elley | 1,287 | 3.52 | -1.92 | 1,297 | 3.49 | -8.48 | ||
NZ First | Anne Martin | 942 | 2.57 | 1,775 | 4.77 | -5.20 | |||
ACT | Andrew Stone | 537 | 1.47 | -4.95 | 956 | 2.39 | -2.80 | ||
United Future | Steven Dromgool | 405 | 1.11 | -8.14 | 890 | 2.39 | -7.23 | ||
Progressive | Fiona Beazley | 253 | 0.69 | -0.95 | 338 | 0.91 | -0.36 | ||
Māori Party | Rahuia Kapa | 119 | 0.33 | 95 | 0.26 | ||||
Democrats | Patrick Fahey | 73 | 0.20 | 14 | 0.04 | ||||
Destiny | John Steemson | 39 | 0.11 | 370 | 1.00 | ||||
Legalise Cannabis | 74 | 0.20 | -0.19 | ||||||
Christian Heritage | 44 | 0.12 | -0.93 | ||||||
Direct Democracy | 28 | 0.08 | |||||||
Alliance | 15 | 0.04 | -0.86 | ||||||
Libertarianz | 14 | 0.04 | |||||||
RONZ | 7 | 0.02 | |||||||
99 MP | 6 | 0.02 | |||||||
Family Rights | 6 | 0.02 | |||||||
One NZ | 5 | 0.01 | -0.23 | ||||||
Informal votes | 324 | 100 | |||||||
Total valid votes | 36,604 | 37,184 | |||||||
National hold | Majority | 7,286 | 19.90 | +14.96 |
2002 election
[edit]2002 general election: East Coast Bays[16] | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Notes: |
Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
| ||||||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | Party votes | % | ±% | ||
National | Murray McCully | 12,134 | 39.09 | 7,876 | 24.83 | ||||
Labour | Hamish McCracken | 10,600 | 34.15 | 10,722 | 33.81 | ||||
United Future | Paul Adams | 2,872 | 9.25 | 3,052 | 9.62 | ||||
ACT | Julie Pepper | 1,993 | 6.42 | 1,646 | 5.19 | ||||
Green | Jeanette Elley | 1,688 | 5.44 | 3,796 | 11.97 | ||||
One NZ | Alan McCulloch | 528 | 1.70 | 75 | 0.24 | ||||
Progressive | Jill Henry | 508 | 1.64 | 403 | 1.27 | ||||
Christian Heritage | Ian Cummings | 399 | 1.29 | 334 | 1.05 | ||||
Alliance | Fiona McLaren | 316 | 1.02 | 287 | 0.90 | ||||
NZ First | 3,163 | 9.97 | |||||||
ORNZ | 227 | 0.72 | |||||||
Legalise Cannabis | 123 | 0.39 | |||||||
NMP | 6 | 0.02 | |||||||
Mana Māori | 4 | 0.01 | |||||||
Informal votes | 392 | 75 | |||||||
Total valid votes | 31,038 | 31,714 | |||||||
National win new seat | Majority | 1,534 | 4.94 |
1993 election
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
National | Murray McCully | 10,209 | 46.74 | −0.83 | |
Alliance | Heather-Ann McConachy | 5,693 | 26.06 | ||
Labour | Gordon Duncan | 3,253 | 14.89 | ||
NZ First | Anne Martin | 2,232 | 10.21 | ||
Christian Heritage | Dennis Knox | 347 | 1.58 | ||
Natural Law | Miranda Adams | 107 | 0.48 | ||
Majority | 4,516 | 20.67 | −2.32 | ||
Turnout | 21,841 | 86.74 | −1.31 | ||
Registered electors | 25,179 |
1990 election
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
National | Murray McCully | 10,791 | 47.57 | +7.12 | |
Democrats | Gary Knapp | 5,575 | 24.58 | −14.45 | |
Labour | Vivienne Halligan | 3,433 | 15.13 | ||
Green | Dianne Gatward | 2,406 | 10.60 | ||
NewLabour | John Alfred Watson | 430 | 1.89 | ||
Social Credit | Sonia Lee Stewart | 45 | 0.19 | ||
Majority | 5,216 | 22.99 | +21.57 | ||
Turnout | 22,680 | 88.05 | +1.89 | ||
Registered electors | 25,758 |
1987 election
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
National | Murray McCully | 8,833 | 40.45 | +4.62 | |
Democrats | Gary Knapp | 8,522 | 39.03 | −5.71 | |
Labour | Wayne Sellwood | 4,411 | 20.20 | ||
Independent | J C Braithwaite | 68 | 0.31 | ||
Majority | 311 | 1.42 | |||
Turnout | 21,834 | 89.94 | −3.46 | ||
Registered electors | 24,276 |
1984 election
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social Credit | Gary Knapp | 10,146 | 44.74 | +0.16 | |
National | Murray McCully | 8,126 | 35.83 | ||
Labour | Michael Smythe | 2,081 | 9.17 | ||
NZ Party | David Phillips | 2,035 | 8.97 | ||
Independent | Mark Smits | 17 | 0.07 | ||
Majority | 2,020 | 8.90 | +5.96 | ||
Turnout | 22,675 | 93.40 | +1.26 | ||
Registered electors | 24,276 |
1981 election
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social Credit | Gary Knapp | 11,568 | 44.90 | +1.59 | |
National | Don Brash | 10,810 | 41.96 | +3.76 | |
Labour | Neville Creighton | 3,335 | 12.94 | ||
Independent | Eric Smith | 49 | 0.19 | ||
Majority | 758 | 2.94 | −2.17 | ||
Turnout | 25,762 | 92.14 | +28.50 | ||
Registered electors | 27,957 |
1980 by-election
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social Credit | Gary Knapp | 8,061 | 43.31 | +23.33 | |
National | Don Brash | 7,110 | 38.20 | ||
Labour | Wyn Hoadley | 3,296 | 17.71 | ||
Values | Janet Moore | 144 | 0.77 | ||
Majority | 951 | 5.11 | |||
Turnout | 18,611 | 63.64 | −12.95 | ||
Registered electors | 29,243 | ||||
Social Credit gain from National | Swing |
1978 election
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
National | Frank Gill | 7,675 | 34.48 | −20.96 | |
Labour | Colleen Hicks | 6,109 | 27.45 | ||
Social Credit | Gary Knapp | 4,448 | 19.98 | ||
Independent National | David Phillips | 3,684 | 16.55 | ||
Values | Eric Smith | 339 | 1.52 | ||
Majority | 1,566 | 7.03 | −17.31 | ||
Turnout | 22,255 | 76.59 | −8.01 | ||
Registered electors | 29,055 |
1975 election
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
National | Frank Gill | 12,739 | 55.44 | +6.80 | |
Labour | Rex Stanton | 7,145 | 31.09 | ||
Values | John Bartram | 1,839 | 8.00 | ||
Social Credit | Noel Edward Lord | 1,253 | 5.45 | ||
Majority | 5,594 | 24.34 | +18.72 | ||
Turnout | 22,976 | 84.60 | −2.59 | ||
Registered electors | 27,157 |
1972 election
[edit]Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
National | Frank Gill | 8,460 | 48.64 | ||
Labour | Brian Pauling | 7,481 | 43.01 | ||
Social Credit | Betty Ross | 1,357 | 7.80 | ||
New Democratic | Kay Edgecumbe | 93 | 0.53 | ||
Majority | 979 | 5.62 | |||
Turnout | 17,391 | 87.19 | |||
Registered electors | 19,946 |
Notes
[edit]- ^ McRobie 1989, p. 111.
- ^ a b McRobie 1989, p. 115.
- ^ McRobie 1989, pp. 112, 116.
- ^ McRobie 1989, pp. 111, 115.
- ^ "Murray McCully says he won't stand again in next election". The New Zealand Herald. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
- ^ New Zealand Electoral Commission. "East Coast Bays - Official Result". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ "East Coast Bays - Official Result (2020)". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
- ^ "Party Votes and Turnout by Electorate (2020)". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
- ^ "Official Count Results -- East Coast Bays (2017)". Electoral Commission. 7 October 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
- ^ New Zealand Electoral Commission. "Official Count Results - East Coast Bays". Electionresults.govt.nz. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^ "New Zealand Parliament - East Coast Bays Electorate Profile". Parliament.nz. 26 June 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^ New Zealand Electoral Commission. "Official Count Results - East Coast Bays". Electionresults.govt.nz. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^ "Enrolment statistics". Electoral Commission. 26 November 2011. Archived from the original on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
- ^ [1] Archived 11 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Official Count Results - East Coast Bays". Electionresults.org.nz. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^ "Official Count Results - East Coast Bays". Electionresults.govt.nz. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
- ^ Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1993. p. 19.
- ^ Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1990. p. 29.
- ^ a b c d e f g Norton 1988, p. 218.
References
[edit]- McRobie, Alan (1989). Electoral Atlas of New Zealand. Wellington: GP Books. ISBN 0-477-01384-8.
- Norton, Clifford (1988). New Zealand Parliamentary Election Results 1946-1987: Occasional Publications No 1, Department of Political Science. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. ISBN 0-475-11200-8.
- Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First ed. published 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.
External links
[edit]- Electorate Profile Parliamentary Library