Portal:Oceans

The Oceans Portal
A portal dedicated to oceans, seas, oceanography and related topics

Selected panorama

– Hover over image and scroll to middle for controls to see more selected panorama images –

• 
   Icebergs broken off from glaciers in northern Baffin Bay, Cape York, Greenland
• 
   Clouds over the Southern Ocean, with continent labels
• 
   Orca (Orcinus orca) hunting a Weddell seal in the Southern Ocean
• 
   Satellite view of the Pacific Ocean and the main windward Hawaiian Islands
• 
   A surfer in the Pacific Ocean at the 2010 Mavericks competition, village of Princeton-by-the-Sea, northern California
• 
   A view of Myrtos Beach and the Ionian Sea, Cephalonia, Ionian Islands, Greece
• 
   A sea anemone in the Pacific Ocean, Baja California, Mexico
• 
   A panorama of Zanzibar, Tanzania, particularly the Stone Town, taken from the Indian Ocean
• 
   A view of Filfla and the Mediterranean Sea. Filfla is a small, mostly barren, uninhabited islet 4.5 kilometres (2.8 miles) south of Malta.
• 
   A view of the South China Sea, Bacuit Archipelago, municipality of El Nido, Palawan, Philippines
• 
   Caesio teres in the South Pacific Ocean in Fiji
• 
   A mother sperm whale and her calf in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Mauritius
• 
   A view of the Southern Ocean from Great Ocean Road, Port Campbell, Princetown, Victoria, Australia

Introduction

Surface view of the Atlantic Ocean

The ocean is the body of salt water that covers approx. 70.8% of Earth. In English, the term ocean also refers to any of the large bodies of water into which the world ocean is conventionally divided. The following names describe five different areas of the ocean: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctic/Southern, and Arctic. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water and is the primary component of Earth's hydrosphere; thus the ocean is essential to life on Earth. The ocean influences climate and weather patterns, the carbon cycle, and the water cycle by acting as a huge heat reservoir. (Full article...)

Waves in Pacifica, California

A sea is a large body of salty water. There are particular seas and the sea. The sea commonly refers to the ocean, the wider body of seawater. Particular seas are either marginal seas, second-order sections of the oceanic sea (e.g. the Mediterranean Sea), or certain large, nearly landlocked bodies of water. (Full article...)

Oceanography (from Ancient Greek ὠκεανός (ōkeanós) 'ocean', and γραφή (graphḗ) 'writing'), also known as oceanology, sea science, ocean science, and marine science, is the scientific study of the oceans. It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and seabed geology; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. These diverse topics reflect multiple disciplines that oceanographers utilize to glean further knowledge of the world ocean, including astronomy, biology, chemistry, geography, geology, hydrology, meteorology and physics. Paleoceanography studies the history of the oceans in the geologic past. An oceanographer is a person who studies many matters concerned with oceans, including marine geology, physics, chemistry, and biology. (Full article...)

Read more about oceans...
Read more about the sea...
Read more about oceanography...

Selected article -

Ocean acidification means that the average seawater pH value is dropping over time.

Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's ocean. Over the past 200 years, the rapid increase in anthropogenic CO₂ (carbon dioxide) production has led to an increase in the acidity of the Earth’s oceans. Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05. Carbon dioxide emissions from human activities are the primary cause of ocean acidification, with atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels exceeding 410 ppm (in 2020). CO₂ from the atmosphere is absorbed by the oceans. This chemical reaction produces carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) which dissociates into a bicarbonate ion (HCO−3) and a hydrogen ion (H⁺). The presence of free hydrogen ions (H⁺) lowers the pH of the ocean, increasing acidity (this does not mean that seawater is acidic yet; it is still alkaline, with a pH higher than 8). Marine calcifying organisms, such as mollusks and corals, are especially vulnerable because they rely on calcium carbonate to build shells and skeletons.

A change in pH by 0.1 represents a 26% increase in hydrogen ion concentration in the world's oceans (the pH scale is logarithmic, so a change of one in pH units is equivalent to a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration). Sea-surface pH and carbonate saturation states vary depending on ocean depth and location. Colder and higher latitude waters are capable of absorbing more CO₂. This can cause acidity to rise, lowering the pH and carbonate saturation levels in these areas. There are several other factors that influence the atmosphere-ocean CO₂ exchange, and thus local ocean acidification. These include ocean currents and upwelling zones, proximity to large continental rivers, sea ice coverage, and atmospheric exchange with nitrogen and sulfur from fossil fuel burning and agriculture. (Full article...)

Interesting facts -

• Captain James Young's capture of a Spanish frigate in 1799 (illustrated) brought each of his seamen the equivalent of ten years' pay in prize money.

• Observations and samplings from Jasper Seamount show that it is very similar to Hawaiian volcanoes.

• The snail species Oxygyrus keraudrenii shows an evolutionary reduction of the gastropod shell for living in open sea.

Selected list articles and Marine habitat topics

• List of oceans
• List of ancient oceans
• List of seas
• List of circumnavigations
• List of cruise lines
• List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System
• List of marine biologists
• List of marine ecoregions
• List of maritime explorers
• List of naval battles
• List of ocean liners
• List of oceanographic institutions and programs
• List of oldest surviving ships
• List of rogue waves
• List of seafood dishes
• List of submarine topographical features

Tasks

edit tasks

Here are some tasks awaiting attention: Article requests : List of oceanographers, create a comprehensive article on Concentrations of marine debris out of all the gyre and "garbage patch" articles Copyedit : Draft:Terrance (octopus) Expand : Coral Sea, Endeavour Strait, Greenland Sea, Solomon Sea Photo : find images for Category:Wikipedia requested photographs in the oceans Stubs : Oceanography stub articles, Marine geography stub articles, Aleutian Trench, Bellingshausen Sea, Caernarfon Bay, Gerlache Strait, Gulf of Oman, Iceland Sea, Draft:Terrance (octopus) Update : Botany Bay, Wilkins Sound, Mariana Trench, Challenger Deep Verify : Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Bering Sea, Gulf of Aden, Iceberg B-15, Ionian Sea, Japan Trench, Moreton Bay, Sound (geography), Timor Sea Other : add ISBNs and remove excessive or inappropriate external links from Aral Sea; check La Belle (ship) for GA status; improve citations or footnotes and remove excessive or inappropriate external links from MS Estonia

General images -

The following are images from various ocean-related articles on Wikipedia.

• 
  The economically important Silk Road was blocked from Europe by the Ottoman Empire in c. 1453 with the fall of the Byzantine Empire. This spurred exploration, and a new sea route around Africa was found, triggering the Age of Discovery. (from Indian Ocean)
• 
  MS Explorer in Antarctica in January 1999. She sank on 23 November 2007 after hitting an iceberg. (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  Map showing the proposal presented by the thesis entitled "Natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans by the Shackleton Fracture Zone". (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  False color map of ocean depth in the Atlantic basin (from Atlantic Ocean)
• 
  1928 delineation (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) are a keystone species of the food web. (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  The Austronesian maritime trade network was the first trade routes in the Indian Ocean. (from Indian Ocean)
• 
  A copepod (from Arctic Ocean)
• 
  1911 South Polar Regions exploration map (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  Map showing the proposal presented by the thesis entitled "Natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans by the Shackleton Fracture Zone". (from Atlantic Ocean)
• 
  Map showing the migration of the Austronesian peoples (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  Maris Pacifici by Ortelius (1589). One of the first printed maps to show the Pacific Ocean (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  In 2020, Japanese Prime Minister Suga declined to drink the bottle of Fukushima's treated radioactive water that he was holding, which would otherwise be discharged to the Pacific. (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  James Weddell's second expedition in 1823, depicting the brig Jane and the cutter Beaufroy (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  The Pacific Ocean, photograph taken from space by the GOES-18 spacecraft in September 2023 (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  According to the Coastal hypothesis, modern humans spread from Africa along the northern rim of the Indian Ocean. (from Indian Ocean)
• 
  Banks of the northeast Atlantic (from Atlantic Ocean)
• 
  A general delineation of the Antarctic Convergence, sometimes used by scientists as the demarcation of the Southern Ocean (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  For most of the 16th century, the Portuguese dominated the Indian Ocean trade. (from Indian Ocean)
• 
  As the Gulf Stream meanders across the North Atlantic from the North American east coast to Western Europe its temperature drops by 20 °C (36 °F).
• 
  Made in 1529, the Diogo Ribeiro map was the first to show the Pacific at about its proper size (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  The Arctic region; of note, the region's southerly border on this map is depicted by a red isotherm, with all territory to the north having an average temperature of less than 10 °C (50 °F) in July. (from Arctic Ocean)
• 
  Fish of the Notothenioidei suborder, such as this young icefish, are mostly restricted to the Antarctic and Subantarctic. (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  Tarawa Atoll in Kiribati (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  Minke whale (from Arctic Ocean)
• 
  The Atlantic Gyres influenced the Portuguese discoveries and trading port routes, here shown in the India Run ("Carreira da Índia"), which would be developed in subsequent years. (from Atlantic Ocean)
• 
  A Ring of Fire; the Pacific is ringed by many volcanoes and oceanic trenches. This map does not show the Cascadia Subduction Zone along part of the west coast of North America, whose trench is completely buried in sediments. (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  Walruses on Arctic ice floe (from Arctic Ocean)
• 
  The Andaman Negritos are thought to be the first inhabitants of the Andaman Islands, having emigrated from the mainland tens of thousands of years ago. (from Indian Ocean)
• 
  Admiral von Bellingshausen (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  "Southern Ocean" as alternative to the Aethiopian Ocean, 18th century (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  The bathyscaphe Trieste before her record dive to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, 23 January 1960 (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  Continents and islands of the Southern Ocean (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  Agulhas Bank (from Atlantic Ocean)
• 
  A wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) on South Georgia (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  On the sea ice of the Arctic Ocean temporary logistic stations may be installed, Here, a Twin Otter is refueled on the pack ice at 86°N, 76°43‘W. (from Arctic Ocean)
• 
  Banks of the northwest Atlantic (from Atlantic Ocean)
• 
  A Chagossian on Diego Garcia in 1971, before the British expelled the islanders. He spoke a French-based creole language and his ancestors were likely brought as slaves in the 19th century. (from Indian Ocean)
• 
  An adult and sub-adult Minke whale are dragged aboard the Japanese whaling vessel Nisshin Maru. (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  Cod fishery in Norway (from Atlantic Ocean)
• 
  A female warty squid (Moroteuthis ingens) (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  Embarked and disembarked slaves in the Atlantic slave trade 1525–1863 (first and last slave voyages) (from Atlantic Ocean)
• 
  Bahama Banks (from Atlantic Ocean)
• 
  Location of the Southern Ocean gyres (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  Madagascar's Elephant bird, Mauritius's Dodo bird and ostrich (from left to right) (from Indian Ocean)
• 
  Mombasa Port on Kenya's Indian Ocean coast (from Indian Ocean)
• 
  Air pollution in South Asia spread over the Bay of Bengal and beyond. (from Indian Ocean)
• 
  The Arctic Ocean, with borders as delineated by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), including Hudson Bay (some of which is south of 57°N latitude, off the map) and all other marginal seas. (from Arctic Ocean)
• 
  Marine debris strewn over the beaches of the South Atlantic Inaccessible Island (from Atlantic Ocean)
• 
  Severe cracks in an ice pier in use for four seasons at McMurdo Station slowed cargo operations in 1983 and proved a safety hazard. (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  Path of the thermohaline circulation. Purple paths represent deep-water currents, while blue paths represent surface currents.
• 
  Aldabra giant tortoise from the islands of the Aldabra Atoll in the Seychelles (from Indian Ocean)
• 
  Density structure of the upper 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in the Arctic Ocean. Profiles of temperature and salinity for the Amundsen Basin, the Canadian Basin and the Greenland Sea are sketched. (from Arctic Ocean)
• 
  USS Vincennes at Disappointment Bay, Antarctica in early 1840 (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  Manganese nodule (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  Sunset in Monterey County, California, U.S. (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  The three major cultural areas of the Pacific Ocean islands: Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  Distribution of the major water mass in the Arctic Ocean. The section sketches the different water masses along a vertical section from Bering Strait over the geographic North Pole to Fram Strait. As the stratification is stable, deeper water masses are denser than the layers above. (from Arctic Ocean)
• 
  A bathymetric/topographic map of the Arctic Ocean and the surrounding lands. (from Arctic Ocean)
• 
  Model of a Fijian drua, an example of an Austronesian vessel with a double-canoe (catamaran) hull and a crab claw sail (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  An iceberg being pushed out of a shipping lane by (L to R) USS Burton Island, USS Atka, and USS Glacier near McMurdo Station, Antarctica, 1965 (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  Marine debris on a Hawaiian coast in 2008 (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration, circa 1702–1707 (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  Emanuel Bowen's 1780s map of the Arctic features a "Northern Ocean". (from Arctic Ocean)
• 
  The International Hydrographic Organization's delineation of the "Southern Ocean" has moved steadily southward since the original 1928 edition of its Limits of Oceans and Seas. (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  Capture of Atlantic northwest cod in million tons (from Atlantic Ocean)
• 
  Impact of El Niño and La Niña on North America (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  Thule archaeological site (from Arctic Ocean)
• 
  The 1564 Typus Orbis Terrarum, a map by Abraham Ortelius, showed the imagined link between the proposed continent of Antarctica and South America. (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  The island geography of the Pacific Ocean Basin (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  The Antarctic Ocean, as delineated by the draft 4th edition of the International Hydrographic Organization's Limits of Oceans and Seas (2002) (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  Famous official portrait of Captain James Cook who proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe. "He holds his own chart of the Southern Ocean on the table and his right hand points to the east coast of Australia on it." (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  Pacific Ocean currents have created three islands of debris. (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is the strongest current system in the world oceans, linking the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific basins. (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  Seas that are parts of the Southern Ocean (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  The Arctic region showing the Northeast Passage, the Northern Sea Route within it, and the Northwest Passage. (from Arctic Ocean)
• 
  Area inside the black line indicates the area constituting the Pacific Ocean prior to 2002; darker blue areas are its informal current borders following the recreation of the Southern Ocean and the reinclusion of marginal seas. (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  Major ocean trade routes in the world include the northern Indian Ocean. (from Indian Ocean)
• 
  Decrease of old Arctic Sea ice 1982–2007 (from Arctic Ocean)
• 
  Greco-Roman trade with ancient India according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 1st century CE (from Indian Ocean)
• 
  Three polar bears approach USS Honolulu near the North Pole. (from Arctic Ocean)
• 
  The Kennedy Channel. (from Arctic Ocean)
• 
  Excavation of the Ertebølle middens in 1880 (from Atlantic Ocean)
• 
  Upwelling in the Southern Ocean

  (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  The Aethiopian Ocean depicted in a 1710 French map of Africa (from Atlantic Ocean)
• 
  Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) are the most southerly of Antarctic mammals. (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  During summer, warm continental masses draw moist air from the Indian Ocean hence producing heavy rainfall. The process is reversed during winter, resulting in dry conditions. (from Indian Ocean)
• 
  In the subpolar gyre of the North Atlantic warm subtropical waters are transformed into colder subpolar and polar waters. In the Labrador Sea this water flows back to the subtropical gyre. (from Atlantic Ocean)
• 
  An exclusive economic zone (EEZ) map of the Pacific which excludes non-tropical islands. (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  Frank Hurley: As time wore on it became more and more evident that the ship was doomed (Endurance trapped in pack ice), National Library of Australia. (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  Portrait of Edmund Halley by Godfrey Kneller (before 1721) (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  Waves in the trade winds in the Atlantic Ocean – areas of converging winds that move along the same track as the prevailing wind – create instabilities in the atmosphere that may lead to the formation of hurricanes.
• 
  Coral reefs of the Maldives (from Indian Ocean)
• 
  Mount St. Helens in Skamania County, Washington, U.S. in 2020 (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  "Terres Australes" [sic] label without any charted landmass (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  Malé's population has increased from 20,000 people in 1987 to more than 220,000 people in 2020. (from Indian Ocean)
• 
  Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars taking over Tahiti on 9 September 1842 (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  Universalis Cosmographia, also known as the Waldseemüller map, dated 1507, was the first map to show the Americas separating two distinct oceans. South America was generally considered the New World and shows the name "America" for the first time, after Amerigo Vespucci (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  1937 delineation (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  Map of the Pacific Ocean during European Exploration, circa 1754. (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  Iceberg A22A in the South Atlantic Ocean (from Atlantic Ocean)
• 
  Orca (Orcinus orca) hunting a Weddell seal in the Southern Ocean (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  British invasion of Mauritius during the Napoleonic Wars on 29 November 1810 (from Indian Ocean)
• 
  Sunset over the Pacific Ocean as seen from the International Space Station. Tops of thunderclouds are also visible. (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  Based on the medieval Íslendingasögur sagas, including the Grœnlendinga saga, this interpretative map of the "Norse World" shows that Norse knowledge of the Americas and the Atlantic remained limited. (from Atlantic Ocean)
• 
  Sea cover in the Arctic Ocean, showing the median, 2005 and 2007 coverage (from Arctic Ocean)
• 
  A stratovolcano in Ulawun on the island of New Britain in Papua New Guinea (from Pacific Ocean)
• 
  A map of Australia's official interpretation of the names and limits of oceans and seas around Australia (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  Regional Working Group zones for SOOS (from Southern Ocean)
• 
  Typhoon Tip at global peak intensity on 12 October 1979 (from Pacific Ocean)

Related portals

In the news

23 June 2024 – Red Sea crisis

The Houthis claim to have carried out a joint military operation with the Islamic Resistance in Iraq to target four vessels in the Port of Haifa, Israel. (Al Jazeera)

20 June 2024 –

A cruise ship rescues 68 migrants and finds five bodies in a wooden dinghy that was drifting off the Canary Islands, Spain. (ABC News)

18 June 2024 – Red Sea crisis

Attacks on the MV Tutor

The Liberia-flagged MV Tutor sinks in the Red Sea six days after being attacked by a Houthi unmanned surface vessel and missile. (AP)

14 June 2024 – Red Sea crisis

The United States military launches attacks on and destroys seven Houthi radar stations in Yemen in retaliation after a merchant sailor went missing following Houthi strikes on ships in the Red Sea. (The Seattle Times)

WikiProjects

WikiProjects

• WikiProject Oceans
• WikiProject Limnology and Oceanography
• WikiProject Marine life
• WikiProject Cetaceans
• WikiProject Fishes
• WikiProject Sharks

---

Related WikiProjects

• WikiProject Arthropods
• WikiProject Fisheries and Fishing
• WikiProject Lakes
• WikiProject Rivers

Topics

---

More topics

Categories

Category puzzle

Select [►] to view subcategories Oceans

Oceans

Categories by ocean

Categories by sea or ocean

Landforms by sea or ocean

Seas

Oceans surrounding Antarctica

Arctic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Submarine cables

Coasts

Ocean currents

Marine energy

Oceans and seas in fiction

Historical oceans

Indian Ocean

Indo-Atlantic

Indo-Pacific

Law of the sea

Ocean maps

Marine conservation

Oceanaria

Oceans-related lists

Pacific Ocean

Submarine pipelines

Ocean pollution

Southern Ocean

Works set on oceans

World Ocean

Seas

Seas

Categories by sea

Categories by sea or ocean

Seas by country

Seas by continent

Seas of the Arctic Ocean

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean

Sea in culture

Sea and river deities

Oceans and seas in fiction

Seas of Greenland

Seas of the Indian Ocean

Lists of seas

Marginal seas

Marine energy

Maritime transport

Seas of the Pacific Ocean

Seas of the Southern Ocean

Oceanography

Oceanography

Marine geophysicists

Oceans

Seas

Oceanography awards

Biological oceanography

Chemical oceanography

Oceanographic expeditions

Ocean exploration

Fracture zones

Oceanographic instrumentation

Oceanography journals

Marine biology

Marine geology

Marine meteorology

Maritime culture

Meteorology

Oceanographers

Oceanographic Time-Series

Oceanographical terminology

Oceanography of Canada

Oceanographic organizations

Paleoceanography

Physical oceanography

Research vessels

Sea ice

Underwater diving companies

Underwater diving sites

Underwater explorers

United States Exploring Expedition

Oceanography stubs

Associated Wikimedia

The following Wikimedia Foundation sister projects provide more on this subject:

• 

  Commons
  Free media repository

• 

  Wikibooks
  Free textbooks and manuals

• 

  Wikidata
  Free knowledge base

• 

  Wikinews
  Free-content news

• 

  Wikiquote
  Collection of quotations

• 

  Wikisource
  Free-content library

• 

  Wikiversity
  Free learning tools

• 

  Wiktionary
  Dictionary and thesaurus

Admiralty law

Need assistance?

Need assistance?

Do you have a question about oceans, seas or oceanography that you can't find the answer to? Consider asking it at the Wikipedia reference desk.

External media

External media

• World Ocean Database and World Ocean Atlas Series – from the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Includes the World Ocean Atlas.
• European Atlas of the Seas – the European Atlas of the Seas, from the European Commission
• NOAA Research – NOAA research news, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR)
• Ocean Research – from The World Ocean Observatory
• Ocean Biodiversity Information System – "a global open-access data and information clearing-house on marine biodiversity for science, conservation and sustainable development"

---

Discover Wikipedia using portals

• 

  List of all portals

• 

  The arts portal

• 

  Biography portal

• 

  Current events portal

• 

  Geography portal

• 

  History portal

• 

  Mathematics portal

• 

  Science portal

• 

  Society portal

• 

  Technology portal

• 

  Random portal

• 

  WikiProject Portals